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Chapter 11
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Recall - I
Speed, Multiple Device Support, Inexpensive are
The features of ISDN are
Network Termination Device 1 (NT1), Network
Termination Device 2 (NT2), ISDN Router, Terminal
Equipment 1 (TE1), Terminal Equipment 2 (TE2),
Terminal Adapter (TA) are e ISDN devices
ISDN is a channelized service. A channelized
service splits a wire into many logical channels or
time slots
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Recall - II
ISDN supports two types of connections such as the
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate
Interface (PRI)
You can verify the ISDN connections using two
commands:
show interface command
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Frame Relay
Features of Frame Relay
Operates at a higher speed (44.3 Mbps)
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Frame Relay Components - I
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Frame Relay Components - II
The basic terms associated with the Frame Relay
network are as follows:
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
Access link
DLCI
LMI
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Frame Relay Components - III
Committed burst (Bc)
Excess Burst (Be)
Forward explicit congestion notification (FECN)
Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN)
Discard Eligibility (DE) indicator
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Logical Connectivity of Frame Relay
Network
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Committed Information Rate (CIR)
Frame Relay allows multiple users to use the packet
switched network at the same time
The only limitation of Frame Relay is that not all
users can transmit the data at the same time
Frame Relay provides dedicated bandwidths to all
the users for data transmission
The Frame Relay can function as a leased line if the
access rate and CIR values are same
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Standard Frame Relay Frame Structure
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Frame Relay Encapsulation Types
The Frame Relay has two types of encapsulations
that you can view using the encapsulation frame-
relay ? command:
Cisco
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Virtual Circuit
A Virtual Circuit (VC) represents the path on which
the frame travels. Virtual circuits enable you to
compare Frame Relay to leased physical circuit
There are two types of virtual circuits, such as:
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
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Virtual Circuits
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Partial Mesh Network
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LMI Configuration and Encapsulation
LMI is the signaling standard used between the
Frame Relay DTE and Frame Relay DCE
LMI is the communication between the router and
the nearest Frame Relay switch
The LMI performs the following functions:
Implements a keepalive function to verify the flow
of data between the DTE and DCE
Informs whether Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
is active or not
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LAPF Header
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Identifying the type of protocol
If the Frame Relay is using the LAPF header then
the DTEs cannot support multiprotocol traffic
because there is no way to identify the type of
protocol
To solve this problem. Cisco Encapsulation and
RFC 1490 Encapsulation is used
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Cisco Encapsulation
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RFC 1490 Encapsulation
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DLCI Addressing
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DLCI Addressing Details
The exact number of DLCI is dependent on the
following factors:
Protocols being routed
Broadcast traffic
Speed of line
Static Routes
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Concerns of Network Layer and
Frame Relay
Frame Relay involves following issues related to the
transmission of data packets from the layer 3 across
the network:
Layer 3 addressing with Frame Relay
Broadcast handling
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Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing
The Frame Relay implementation of Cisco provides
three different options to assign subnets and IP
address on the Frame Relay interfaces. The options
are:
A subnet that contains all the Frame Relay Data
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Full Mesh Network
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Partial Mesh Network
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Hybrid Network
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Broadcast Handling
The Frame Relay can send copies of broadcast over
all the virtual circuits
The Frame Relay does not have the capability to
replicate and deliver across multiple virtual circuits
to several destinations
The routers need to send broadcast for certain
features to activate their functioning
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Frame Relay Service Internetworking
Frame Relay networks use Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) in the core of the Frame Relay network
The working of ATM is similar to a Frame Relay.
However, ATM has certain features that make it
more effective than Frame Relay
The service provider uses the ATM to build the core
of the Frame Relay networks as shown in figure
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Frame Relay Network
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Network as it Appears to Routers
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Configuration Steps for Remote
Router routes
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Steps to Change DLCI Status
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Frame Configuration Command - I
Commands Description
encapsulation frame-relay Defines the Frame Relay
[ieft|cisco] encapsulation which is preferred over
HDLC and PPP
frame-relay lmi- Defines the type of LMI messages that
type{ansi|q933a|cisco] are sent to the switch
bandwidth num Enables to set the interface speed of
the router
frame-relay map [protocol Defines statically the mapping
protocol-address between the network layer and DLCI
dlci}payload-compression
frf9 stac caim [element-
number][broadcast]
[ieft|cisco]
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Frame Configuration Command - II
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Frame Configuration Commands in
the Privileged Mode - I
Command Description
show interfaces Displays the status of the physical
interface
show frame-relay lmi [type Displays LMI status information
number]
show frame-relay pvc Displays a list of all the configured
PVCs and DLCI numbers
show frame-relay map Provides a list of network layer
addresses mapped to DLCI numbers
show ip route Displays the available routes for the
packets to travel from one router to
another
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Basic Frame Relay Network
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Verification of Frame Relay
Encapsulation on Router1
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Output of show ip route Command
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Output of show frame-relay lmi
Command
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Output of show frame-relay pvc
Command
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Output of show frame-relay map
Command
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Configuring Frame Relay
Subinterfaces
Frame Relay subinterfaces provide a solution to the
problem of split horizon on the partially meshed
Frame Relay networks
Cisco routers support two types of subinterfaces
given as follows:
Point-to-point subinterface
Multipoint subinterfaces
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Frame Relay Point-to-Point
Subinterfaces
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Output of show frame-relay lmi
Command
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Output of show frame-relay pvc
Command
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Output of show frame-relay map
Command
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Frame Relay Multipoint Subinterfaces
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Output of show frame-relay lmi
Command
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Output of show frame-relay pvc
Command
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Output of show frame-relay map
Command
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Hub-and-Spoke Frame Relay Network
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Output of show frame-relay lmi
Command
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Output of show frame-relay pvc
Command
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Output of show frame-relay map
Command
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Fully Meshed Network
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Output of show frame-relay lmi
Command
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Output of show frame-relay pvc
Command
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Output of show frame-relay map
Command
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Frame Relay Congestion Control
Frame Relay reduces the network overhead by
implementing congestion-control mechanism
Frame Relay implements two congestion-notification
mechanisms such as Forward-explicit congestion
notification (FECN) and Backward-explicit congestion
notification (BECN)
The Frame Relay frame includes following three bits
that allow congestion control:
Discard Eligibility (DE)
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Frame Relay Error Checking
Frame Relay uses cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
error checking mechanism
The CRC compares two derived values from the two
mathematical functions computed at the source and
the destination devices
This determines whether an error occurred during
the transmission of data from source to destination
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Case Study
At the Gujarat branch of the Blue Diamond Steel
organization, all Cisco routers are implemented on the
network. The routers use HDLC as the default
encapsulation method for data transmission. All the
transaction between the departments of the company
is carried out over the network. However,
unfortunately, some important information of Finance
department regarding policies could not reach to the
Software Management department’s destination
computer because it was lost in transit.
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Problem
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Suggested Solution
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Frame Relay Backup using ISDN
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Output of show frame-relay lmi
Command
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Output of show frame-relay pvc
Command
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Output of show frame-relay map
Command
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Output of show ip route Command
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Troubleshooting Frame Relay
The commons issues in the Frame Relay can be
resolved using the debug command
This command enables you to troubleshoot the
Frame Relay connections
You can use the router console to enter these
commands:
debug frame-relay events Command
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Summary - I
Frame Relay networks are multi-access networks where
more than two devices can be attached to the network
A Virtual circuit (VC) represents the path on which the
frame travels. Virtual circuits enable you to compare
Frame Relay to leased physical circuit. There two types
of virtual circuits are:
Permanent virtual circuit (PVC)
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Summary - II
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Summary - III
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