TOPIC 2

NATURE AND
PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Selection of Materials
•Same materials can be transformed by
one specific MANUFACTURING
PROCESS while others do not “Which
process should be employed for which
material?” is an important question to
•During manufacturing, be answered.
material is transformed
•During Transformation,
“what changes take place on
the material?”

•The right answer depends on the NATURE AND PROPERTIES

of the materials. Therefore, we must developed knowledge of
MATERIALS
•Understanding their properties, reliability and
manufacturability is critical for their effective and efficient
application
•Composites, polymers and plastics are being used extensively
in manufacturer processes that range from automotive and
aerospace applications to medical and electrical applications
Selection of Materials
Properties of Materials
1. Mechanical properties: strength, ductibility, hardness,
toughness, elasticity, fatique and creep resistance.
2. Physical properties : density, specific heat, thermal
expansion and conductivity, melting point and electrical
and magnetic properties
3. Chemical properties : oxidation, corrosion, degradation,
toxicity and flammability
4. Manufacturing properties : castability, weldability,
machinability
5. Appearance : surface texture, color, feel -> product’s
acceptance by public
 Selection of Materials
Castability : the ease with which a metal can be
cast to produce part with good quality

Weldability : defined as its capability to be

welded into a specific structure that has certain
properties and characteristics and will
satisfactorily meet service requirement

D : Difficult
E : Excellent
G : Good
F : Fair
VP : Very poor

Machinability : Defined in terms of four factors which are a) surface finish and surface
integrity of the machined part; b) tool life ; c) Force and power requirements and d)
the level of difficulty in chip control after it is generated.
Good machinability indicates good surface finish and surface integrity, a long tool life
and low force and power requirement
Selection of Materials
• General types of materials used:
1. Ferrous metals
2. Nonferrous metals
3. Plastics (polymers)
4. Ceramics, glasses
5. Composite materials
6. Nanomaterials
7. Shape-memory alloys, amorphous alloys,
semiconductors and superconductors

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Selection of Materials
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Metallic
MATERIALS
Non- metallic

Composites

1. Metallic - Ferrous
Non –Ferrous

2. Non - Metallic – Organic

Inorganic
3. Composites – Mixture of metallic and non metallic
 Selection of Materials
Ferrous metals include mild steel, carbon steel, stainless steel,
cast iron, and wrought iron. Due to the high amounts of carbon
used when creating them, most ferrous metals and alloys are
vulnerable to rust when exposed to the elements.

The non-ferrous metals are generally inferior in strength but

superior in corrosion resistance as compared to ferrous
materials and more expensive.
Non-metallic materials are considered organic if they contain
animal or vegetable cells (dead or live) or carbon compound.
Organic materials usually dissolve in organic liquids such as
alcohol or carbon tetrachloride but they will not dissolve in
water.
.
 Selection of Materials
Inorganic materials tend to dissolve in water.
Generally, inorganic materials resist heat more effectively
than organic substances
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Tensile strength
Compressive strength
Torsional strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Hardness
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
STRESS

•tensile stress - stress that tends to

stretch or lengthen the material - acts
normal to the stressed area
•compressive stress - stress that tends
to compress or shorten the material -
acts normal to the stressed area
•shearing stress - stress that tends to
shear the material - acts in plane to
the stressed area at right-angles to
compressive or tensile stress
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Tensile
• Tension test is a method for determining the
mechanical properties of materials
• Tensile strength is the ability of a material to support
or carry an applied axial load.
• To measure tensile strength is by pulling
on the two ends as photo.
• Specimen has an original gage length,
lo, and a cross-sectional area, Ao
• The results after pulling are described by
determining the changes that take place
in length as the force is increased to the
breaking/ fracture point. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Stress–Strain Curves
• When the load is first applied, the specimen elongates
in proportion to the load called linear elastic behavior
• Engineering stress* (nominal stress) is defined as
F F = applied load

A0 A0 = original cross sectional area
• Engineering strain is


l  l0  lo = original length
l0 l = instantaneous length

*This stress is called the tensile stress because every part of the object is subjected to tension.
The SI unit of stress is the newton per square meter, which is called the pascal.
1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Stress–Strain Curves
• A curve can be plotted for two values, the STRESS and
STRAIN (dimensionless), known as engineering
stress-strain curves. These curves differ with properties
of material and heat treatment

F

A0


l  l0 
l0
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
• When specimen is loaded beyond its ultimate tensile
strength, it begins to neck
• Engineering stress at fracture is called breaking or
fracture stress
• Modulus of elasticity, E, or Young’s modulus in the
elastic region is

E

• Linear relationship is known as Hooke’s law
• Higher the E value, higher the stiffness of the material
• Ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain is known as
Poisson’s ratio, v
Young's modulus can be used to predict
the elongation or compression of an object
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS

Shear stress, τ( ) results from a parallel force (or


shear load) and γ ( ) known as the shear angle or
shear strain. G is defined as shear modulus or modulus
of rigidity.

  G
Shear stress
τ =Gγ
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Modulus of rigidity E
G
2(1  v)

where G is the modulus rigidity

ν Poisson’s ratio (elastic constant)

Poisson’s ratio for most materials

ranges from 0.25 to 0.35
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
Compressive strength is easily determined for brittle
materials that will fracture when sufficient load is
applied.
For ductile materials a strength in compressive is valid
only when the amount of deformation is specified.
Factor of safety (FS) is defined as the ratio of the actual
stress to the allowable strength of the material i.e

actual
FS 
allowable
Recommended values of FS range from 1 to 3
COMPOSITES MATERIALS
INTRODUCTION
A composite material or composite is a complex solid
material composed of two or more materials that, on a
macroscopic scale, form a useful material.
The composite is designed to exhibit the best properties
or qualities of its constituents or some properties
possessed by neither.
A broad definition of composite materials includes the
naturally occurring composites, such as wood, as well as
the synthetic or human-made composites.
A recent example of the development of composites in
the medical field is cited.
COMPOSITES MATERIALS

composites are formed by combining materials together

to form an overall structure that is better than the sum
of the individual components
 COMPOSITES MATERIALS
A mineral paste composed of monocalcium phosphate
monohydrate, a-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate,
dry mixed, to which a sodium phosphate solution is added to
form a paste, is surgically implanted into acute bone fractures
and hardens within ten minutes after injection
This new material eliminates the need for heavy and
uncomfortable casts.
Composite materials are generally used for buildings, bridges,
and structures such as boat hulls, swimming pool panels, race
car bodies, shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks,
imitation granite and cultured marble sinks and countertops.
The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft
and aircraft in demanding environments.
 COMPOSITES MATERIALS
Why use composites? :
1. To increase stiffness, strength, or
dimensional stability
2. To increase toughness (impact
strength)
3. To increase heat-deflection temperature
4. To increase mechanical damping
5. To reduce permeability to gases and liquids
6. To modify electrical properties (e.g., increase electrical
resistivity)
7. To reduce costs
8. To decrease water absorption
9. To decrease thermal expansion
10. To increase chemical wear and corrosion resistance
11. To reduce weight
COMPOSITES MATERIALS
12. To maintain strength/stiffness at
high temperatures while under strain
conditions in a corrosive
environment
13. To increase secondary uses and
recyclability, and to reduce any
negative impact on the environment
14. To improve design flexibility

OH..OK.
.
 COMPOSITES MATERIALS
MATRIX –which is continuous and surrounds the other phase,
often called the disperse phase.
The properties of composites are a function of the properties of
the constituent phase, their relative amounts and the geometry
phase.
Dispersed phase geometry means the shape of the particles and
particles size, distribution and orientation.
 COMPOSITES MATERIALS
The functions of a matrix, the
binder material, whether organic,
ceramic, or metallic, are to support
and protect the fibers, the principal
load carrying agent, and to provide
a means of distributing the load
among and transmitting it between
the fibers without itself fracturing.

Typically, the matrix has a

considerably lower density,
stiffness (modulus), and strength than those of the reinforcing
fiber material, but the combination of the two main constituents
(matrix and fiber) produces high strength and stiffness, while
still possessing a relatively low density.
 COMPOSITES MATERIALS
The structure or matrix of a filled composite can take a porous
or sponge like structural form
Finally, the matrix can have a predetermined shape and size
formed by an open honeycomb core made of metal
impregnated with a ceramic filler for high-temperature
applications