AMPLITUDE

MODULATION
POWER
RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER
 POWER

Figure 2: Double-sided spectra of baseband and AM signals.

O The RF bandwidth of an AM transmission is
twice the bandwidth of the modulating (or
"baseband") signal, since the upper and lower
sidebands around the carrier frequency each
have a bandwidth as wide as the highest
modulating frequency. Although the bandwidth
of an AM signal is narrower than one using
frequency modulation (FM), it is twice as wide as
single-sideband techniques; it thus may be
viewed as spectrally inefficient.
O Another improvement over standard AM is
obtained through reduction or suppression of
the carrier component of the modulated
spectrum. In Figure 2 this is the spike in
between the sidebands; even with full (100%)
sine wave modulation, the power in the carrier
component is twice that in the sidebands, yet it
carries no unique information.
O There is a great advantage in efficiency in
reducing or totally suppressing the carrier, either
in conjunction with elimination of one sideband
(single-sideband suppressed-carrier
transmission) or with both sidebands remaining
(double sideband suppressed carrier).
O These suppressed carrier transmissions are efficient
in terms of transmitter power, they require more
sophisticated receivers employing synchronous
detection and regeneration of the carrier frequency.
O Standard AM continues to be widely used, especially
in broadcast transmission, to allow for the use of
inexpensive receivers using envelope detection. Even
(analog) television, with a (largely) suppressed lower
sideband, includes sufficient carrier power for use of
envelope detection.
O For communications systems where both transmitters
and receivers can be optimized, suppression of both
one sideband and the carrier represent a net
advantage and are frequently employed.
 AM RECEIVERS
O RECEIVER- an electronic device that converts a
signal from a modulated radio wave into usable
information.

O CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Crystal Receiver
2. TRF Receiver
3. Super Heterodyne Receiver
O Crystal Receiver
• one of the first forms of radio used. Its
simplicity and effectiveness when compared to
previous forms of radio made it very popular.
• he crystal radio also became the radio of choice
for many enthusiasts when radio broadcasts
started.
Consist of:
1. Antenna or Aerial
2. Tuned Circuit
3. Detector (diode)
4. Output device (head/earphone)
[Transducer]
1. Antenna or Aerial - picks up the signal which is used as the input to
the radio.
2. Tuned Circuit (tuning) - provides the selectivity, i.e. the ability to
allow stations on the required frequency and reject others that are on
different frequencies.
3. Detector (diode) - extracts the modulation from the radio frequency
signal and provides an audio frequency signal.
4. Output device (head/earphone) [Transducer] - converts the
electrical signals to sound waves so that they can be heard.
O TRF Receiver(Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver)
• is a type of radio receiver that is composed of one
or more tuned radio frequency (RF) amplifier
stages followed by a detector (demodulator) circuit
to extract the audio signal and usually an audio
frequency amplifier. This type of receiver was
popular in the 1920s.
The classic TRF receivers of the 1920s and 30s usually consisted
of three sections:

1. one or more tuned RF amplifier stages. These amplify the signal

of the desired station to a level sufficient to drive the detector,
while rejecting all other signals picked up by the antenna.
2. a detector, which extracts the audio (modulation) signal from
the radio carrier signal by rectifying it.
3. optionally, but almost always included, one or more audio
amplifier stages which increase the power of the audio signal.
O Super Heterodyne Receiver(Superhet)
• is a type of radio receiver that uses frequency
mixing to convert a received signal to a fixed
intermediate frequency (IF) which can be more
conveniently processed than the original carrier
frequency.
• was invented by US engineer Edwin Armstrong
in 1918 during World War I.
• Virtually all modern radio receivers use the
superheterodyne principle.
 Red parts are those that handle the incoming radio
frequency (RF) signal;
 Green are parts that operate at the intermediate frequency
(IF),
 Blue parts operate at the modulation (audio) frequency. The
dotted line indicates that the local oscillator and RF filter
must be tuned in tandem.
RECEIVER PARAMETERS
O Selectivity – ability to accept a given band of
frequencies & reject unwanted signals
O Sensitivity – ability to amplify weak signals.
Broadcast receivers/radio receivers should have
reasonably high sensitivity.
O Fidelity – a measure of the ability of the receiver
to produce, at the output of the receiver, an
exact replica of the original information.
 AM TRANSMITTERS
O TRANSMITTER - a set of equipment used to
generate and transmit electromagnetic waves
carrying messages or signals, especially those of
radio or television.
1. Designed to transmit the input signal with the
help of a carrier wave.
2. The input signal is too weak to travel long
distances, so we assist a carrier wave to the
wave.
3. We create a carrier wave (RC oscillator 55 timer
chip).
4. Electrical signals are change to electromagnetic
wave with the help of an antenna.