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Difference between
Analog and Digital
Number system
Decimal number System
(Base 10)
Binary number System
(Base 2 )
Digital systems
Aims
To express the inputs and outputs of a system in
binary form
To develop the relationships between these inputs
and outputs as a truth table
To simplify the Boolean expression using algebra
or Karnaugh maps
To select suitable electronic devices to implement
the required function
Basic logic gates
Not x
x
x xy x xyz
And y y
z
x x+y x x+y+z
Or y
y z
x xy
Nand y
x x+y
Nor y
x xÅy
Xor y
7
Truth Tables and Boolean Notation
Buffer P=A
A P
A P
0 0
1 1
A P
Not P=A
0 1 A P
1 0
Basic AND / OR
A B P
0 0 0
AND P = A.B 0 1 0 A P
1 0 0 B
1 1 1
A B P
0 0 0 A
OR P=A+B 0 1 1 P
B
1 0 1
1 1 1
NAND / NOR
A B P
0 0 1 A
NAND P = A.B 0 1 1 P
1 0 1
B
1 1 0
A B P
0 0 1
A
0 1 0 P
NOR P=A+B 1 0 0
B
1 1 0
NAND
A “universal” gate
any digital system can be implemented with it
A B P
0 0 1
XNOR P = A Å B 0 1 0
A
B
P
1 0 0
1 1 1
Algebraic Laws
DeMorgan’s Laws
The AND and OR functions can be shown to be
related to each other through the following
equations:
AB A+ B
A B A+ B
A B A+ B
AB A+ B
DeMorgan
DeMorgan’s Laws
NOT the individual terms
Change the sign
NOT the lot
.
Exercise
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
Sum of Products/Product of Sums
A B C P
Write out the sum-of-products expression
0 0 0 1 for the truth table : 4 answers
0 0 1 1 Net results to B’…
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C + A.B.C
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
Example
VariableValue Situation
A 1 Lights are on
0 Lights are off
B 1 Door is open
0 Door is closed
C 1 Key is in ignition
0 Key is out of ignition
P 1 Buzzer is on
0 Buzzer is off
Example
A B C P
0 0 0 0
Truth Table 0 0 1 0
A Truth Table can be 0 1 0 0
used to show the 0 1 1 0
relationships between : 1 0 0 0
the 3 inputs and 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
the single output
1 1 1 0
lights A
door B P buzzer
Implementation as a
circuit using logic gates keys C
Minimization
via algebra
via Karnaugh map
BCD Display