CAM Follower

INTRODUCTION, HISTORY,
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE

A cam may be defined as a machine element having a
curved outline or a curved groove, which, by its
oscillation, rotation or reciprocating motion, gives a
predetermined specified motion to another element
called the follower .
The mechanism usually consists of a cam (the driver),
the follower (the driven element), and the frame (the
support for the cam and the follower).
Follower
Cams Cam
Followers
Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur
(valves) 10-01-2018 3
PARTS OF CAM MECHANISM
Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 4

 The cam can have
various shapes. These are follower
know as cam profiles.

Cam
Pear Heart Circular Drop

Follower
 A follower is a component
which is designed to move
up and down as it follows
the edge of the cam. cam
Knife edge Flat foot

Roller
Follower follower
follower
 The 'bumps' on a cam are called
lobes. Follower
 The square cam illustrated has four

lobes, and lifts the follower four
times each revolution.
Square cam
Examples of other rotary cam

profiles.
Examples of a Rotary cams in operation.
Cams used in a pump.

Control the movement of
the engine valves.
 The linear cam moves backwards and forwards
in a reciprocating motion.
Cam Follower
Distance
moved by
the
follower

• Cams can also be cylindrical in shape
• Below a cylindrical cam and roller follower.
Cam rise and Fall

• The cam follower does not have
to move up and down - it can be Max Lift
an oscillating lever as shown
above. Min Lift
KINEMATIC DIAGRAM
FOR CAM MECHANISM

LEONARDO DA VINCI
 The first cam designs
were found in Leonardo
da Vinci’s sketches in his
Codex Madrid I.
 Leonardo found cam
mechanisms being very
compact mechanical
devices to transform
rotary motion to linear
motion.
Cam hammer
Designed
around 1497 by
Leonardo da
Vinci. The
hammer uses a
cam to convert
rotary motion
to oscillating
motion.
Cams are classified in three ways:
 In terms of their shape, such as wedge,
radial, cylindrical, globoidal, conical,
spherical, or three-dimensional;
 In terms of the follower motion, such as
dwell-rise-dwell (DRD), dwell-rise-return-
dwell (DRRD), or rise-return-rise (RRR); or
 In terms of the follower constraint, which is
accomplished by either positive drive or
spring load. 16
Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018
 Disk/Plate Cam
The follower
moves in a plane
perpendicular to
the axis of rotation
of the cam. Mostly
use type of cam.

 Translation/ Wedge Cam
The cam moves over and back, reciprocating
motion, which drives the follower vertically.

 Cylindrical/
Barrel Cam
The roller
follower
operates in a
groove cut on
the periphery
of a cylinder.
The follower
may translate
or oscillate.
 End/Face Cam
A cylinder with the required profile cut in the
end. The axis of rotation of the cam and the
direction of motion of the follower are parallel
but not collinear.

 Yoke Cam
The yoke cam is a positive-drive cam
enclosed by a follower with opposite rollers
or surfaces a constant distance apart.

 Conjugate
Cam
The conjugate,
complementar
y, or double-
disk cam is
one having
dual radial
disks, each in
contact with a
roller on the
follower.
 Globoidal Cam
The globoidal cam rotates about its axis
driving a roller follower. It is similar in
appearance and action to the cylindrical
cam. (Fig.)
 Inverse cam
The inverse cam is one in which the
element corresponding to the follower of a
cam mechanism is utilized as the driver.
(Fig.)

RECIPROCATING FOLLOWERS
 Knife-Edge Follower
This is the simplest type and not often used
due to the rapid rate of wear. It is usually
used for reciprocating motion, running in
slides and there is considerable side thrust.
(Fig.)
 Roller Follower
Uses a roller and eliminates rapid wear of
follower. (Fig.) 26
 Flat Face Follower
This has the advantage that the only side
thrust present is that due to the friction
between the follower and the cam. (Fig.)
 Spherical-faced follower
The spherical face of the follower has a large
radius that compensates for detrimental
deflection or misalignment that may occur
with the flat mushroom follower. (Fig.)

FOLLOWER ARRANGEMENT
 In-line follower – the center line of the

follower passes through the center line of
the camshaft.
 Offset follower – the center line of the
follower does not pass through the center
line of the cam shaft. The amount of offset
is the distance between these two center
lines. The offset causes a reduction of the
side thrust present in the roller follower.
 Radial follower – rotates or oscillates as the
cam is in rotational motion.

 Rotating cam-translating follower (Fig.)
 Rotating follower (Fig.)
The follower arm swings or oscillates in a
circular arc with respect to the follower
pivot.
 Translating cam-translating follower (Fig.)
 Stationary cam-rotating follower
The follower system revolves with respect to
the center line of the vertical shaft.
In all cam systems it is important that the
follower is always in contact and following
the motion of the cam.
 Gravity constraint
The weight of the follower system is
sufficient to maintain contact.
 Spring constraint
The spring must be properly designed to
maintain contact.
 Positive
mechanical
constraint
A groove
maintains positive
action. Example is
the Constant-
diameter cam
shown in the left.

 Cam profile is the actual working surface
contour of the cam. It is the surface in
contact with the knife-edge, roller surface,
or flat-faced follower.
 Base circle is the smallest circle drawn to the
cam profile from the radial cam center.
Obviously, the cam size is dependent on the
established size of the base circle.

 Trace point is the point on the follower
located at the knife-edge, roller center, or
spherical-faced center.
 Pitch curve, or pitch profile, is the path of
the trace point. In cam layout, this curve is
often determined first and the cam profile is
then established by tangents to the roller or
flat-faced follower surfaces. For the
elementary knife-edge follower, the pitch
curve and cam profile are the same.
 Prime circle is the smallest circle drawn to
the pitch curve from the cam center. It is
similar to the base circle.
 Pressure angle is the angle (at any point)
between the normal to the pitch curve and
the direction of the follower motion. This
angle is important in cam design because it
represents the steepness of the cam profile,
which if too large can affect the smoothness
of the action.
 Pitch point is that point on the pitch
curve having the largest pressure angle.
 Pitch circle is defined as the circle
drawn through the pitch point with its
center at the cam center.

ANALYSIS OF CAM FOLLOWER MOTION
 Rise - is when the follower is moving away
from the cam centre.
 Dwell - is the period when the follower is
stationary.
 Return - is when the follower moves back
towards the cam centre.
 Stroke/Total follower travel/Throw (h) – is
the greatest distance through which the
follower moves.Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 48
 Displacement (s) – is the position of the
follower from a specific zero or rest position
in relation to time or the rotary angle of the
cam.
 Velocity (v) – is the speed with which the
cam moves the follower.
 Acceleration (a) – is the rate of change of

the follower’s velocity.

 Jerk (j) – is the rate of change of the
follower’s acceleration.
 Angular velocity (ω) – is the speed of the

cam or the ratio of the angular displacement
by the cam to the time interval ∆t.
where θ is in radians

 A follower displacement diagram is a graph
showing displacement of the follower
plotted as a function of time.
 Since the cam usually rotates at constant
angular velocity, the t-axis can be consider
as the θ-axis.
 The follower displacement diagram
determines the shape of the cam.
where:
h is the stroke
t is in seconds
θ is in radians
 This is where the follower moves at a
constant velocity.

 Generally, this design
is not used for critical
systems because the
high acceleration at
the two ends of the
segment will result in
large forces that will
smooth out in the
Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 56
10-01-2018
cam.
 Cams that produces simple harmonic
motion to the follower are called eccentric
cams.
 Eccentric cams are circular cams wherein
the axis of rotation does not intersect the
center of the circle. (Fig.)
 The displacement equation of simple
harmonic motion can be written as :

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

h    
s 1 - cos   
2  
ds h   
v  sin  
dθ 2    
dv h 2   
a  cos   
d 2  2  
h 3
da Er.S.Ragul  
,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 61
j  sin  
d 2 3   
 The displacement of a body moving from
rest with a constant acceleration is:
 This is the equation for a parabola (x2 = ky

where k = constant) so that motion
involving constant acceleration is often
called parabolic motion.
 A cycloidal curve is the path traced by a
point on a circle as the circle rolls on a
straight line.
 To create a cycloidal motion in cam design,
involves superimposing cycloidal motion on
constant velocity motion.
 No acceleration discontinuities, therefore it
can be applied to high speeds.

CYCLOIDAL MOTION

 In constructing the cam profile, we employ
the principle of kinematic inversion,
imagining the cam to be stationary and
allowing the follower to rotate opposite to
the direction of cam rotation.

 Pressure Angle (f)
 the angle between f
the direction of
motion (velocity) of
the follower and the
direction of the axis
of transmission
 Want f<30 for translating
and f<35 for oscillating
followers

 Eccentricty (e) – the
perpendicular distance between
the follower’s axis of motion
and the center of the cam
 Aligned follower: e=0
e 85
b
 For flat faced follower, the
pressure angle is zero
 There is a moment on the
follower since the force is
not aligned with the
direction of follower
motion. This is called the
overturning moment

 Every point on the cam has an associated radius of
curvature
 If the radius of curvature is smaller than the radius of the
follower the follower doesn’t move properly
 Rule of thumb: rmin =(23) x Rf
87
 We can’t have a
negative radius of
curvature

FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF CAM DESIGN
 The cam function must be continuous
in the first and second derivatives of
displacement across the entire 360°
interval.
 The jerk must be finite across the entire
360° interval.

Computer Aided Design of cam Using Visual LISP in
AutoCAD
Input are Maximum rise, outstroke angle, return stroke
angle, base circle radius, roller radius, face width, etc.,
Calculate the various incremental rise of the follower for
very small increments to the order of decimal degrees which is a
tedious process when done manually.
Further various data such as velocity, acceleration, angular
velocity, angular acceleration, torque, stresses, forces such as
spring, friction, inertia are also determined for each and every
increment which becomes more than thousand calculations.
The calculated stresses will be compared with the allowable
stresses of the material and design will be checked for SAFE.
The 2D & 3D modeling of the designed cam will be
automatically generated as a final report.
The result will be stored in separate text file for feature
needs.

CAM Follower

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CAM Follower

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INTRODUCTION, HISTORY,

CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 4

know as cam profiles.

Pear Heart Circular Drop

Knife edge Flat foot

 The square cam illustrated has four

Examples of other rotary cam

Cams used in a pump.

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 9

Cam rise and Fall

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 11

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Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 21

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 23

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 29

 In-line follower – the center line of the

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 33

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Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 40

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 43

 Acceleration (a) – is the rate of change of

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 49

 Angular velocity (ω) – is the speed of the

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 50

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Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 57

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 58

 This is the equation for a parabola (x2 = ky

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 67

Er.S.Ragul ,Asst.Prof,Kec,Karur 10-01-2018 68

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