CHAPTER 9 :

DIFFERENTIATION
9.24 GRADIENT OF TANGENT
9.25 EQUATION OF TANGENT
EXAMPLE

Determine the gradient of tangent to the following

curves at given points. Hence, find the equation of
tangent of the curves.
a) y  2 x 3  4 x  5 ; (1, 3)
3 4
b) y  2
 ; (0,  3)
x x
c) y  5  x  3x 4 ; (3,  5)
 y
y = f(x)

l1(Tangent)

l2 (Normal)
x
O

Diagram 1 : Equation of tangent (l1)

and Equation of Normal (l2)
 SOLUTION:

a) y  2 x 3  4 x  5 ; (1, 3)
dy
Gradient of tangent 
dx
dy
 6x2  4
dx
dy
At (1,3),  6(1) 2  4
dx
10
Equation of tangent , ( y  3) 10( x 1)
y  3 10 x 10
y 10 x  7
 9.26 EQUATION OF NORMAL
EXAMPLE

Determine the equation of normal to the curves at given

points.
a) y  2 x3  4 x  5 ; (1, 3)
b) y  5  x  3x 4 ; (3,  2)

SOLUTION:

a) y  2 x 3  4 x  5 ; (1, 3)

1 1
Gradient of normal, m2    
m1 10
 1
At (1,3), ( y  3)   ( x 1)
10
1 1
y 3   x 
10 10
1 31
y x
10 10

1 31
y x .
10 10
9.3 RATE OF CHANGE (Kadar Perubahan)

Chain rule, dy dy dx
 
dt dx dt

EXAMPLE

The radius of a circle increases at a rate of 0.2 cm s-1.

Find the rate of change of area of the circle if the radius
is 5 cm.
 SOLUTION :

Let A is area of circle, hence A   r 2

dA
 2r
dr
dr
 0.2 cm s 1
dt
dA dA dr
   2r  0.2
dt dr dt
 0.4  r
When r  5 cm,
dA
 0.4   5
dt
 2 cm 2 s 1
Hence, the rate of change of area is 2 cm 2 s 1
 EXAMPLE

The volume of a sphere decreases at a rate of

5.4 π cm3 s-1. Find the rate of change of
radius of the sphere when the radius is 6 cm.
9.4 Small Changes and Approximation
( Perubahan Kecil dan Penghampiran)

If  x and  y is the small changes in x and y,

y dy dy
 y   x
x dx dx

Approximate value of y is y  yasal   y

EXAMPLE
Given y = 2x2 – 5x + 3, find the small change in y when x
increases from 2 to 2.01.
 SOLUTION:

y  2 x 2  5x  3
dy
 4x  5
dx
 4(2)  5 when x  2,
dy
3
dx
dy
y   x
dx
 3  0.01
 0.03
Hence, the small change in y is 0.03
EXAMPLE

Given y = x3, find the small change in y

when x changes from 4 to 4.003. Hence,
find the approximate value of y after the
change in x has taken place.
 Example

25 dy 25
Given y  2
,find when x  5.Hence, find the approximate value of 2
.
x dx (5.01)

SOLUTION
25 dy 50
Given y  2
,  3
x dx x
dy 50 50 2
When x  5,  3  
dx 5 125 5
x  5.01  5  0.01
dy
y   x
dx
  0.4  0.01   0.04
25 25
Hence, 2
 2
 ( 0.04)  0.996
(5.01) 5