WHO BUILT THE FIRST COMPUTER?

 The computer is a complex piece of

equipment and many inventors and
inventions contributed to its history
and what it is today. We can summarize
in part milestones in discovery that lead
to the computers today. Devices have
been used as an aid to assist counting of
items,including our very own
fingers,tally sticks,shaped clays and
stones. Roman abacus was used in
Babylonia as early as 2400 B.C. and since
then many other calculation boards and
tables were invented. The asian abacus
was estimated to be around since 14th
century AD.
 ABACUS
 An abacus is a device used for addition and
subtraction, and the related operations of
multiplication and division. It does not require the
use of pen and paper, and it's good for any base
number system. There are two basic forms for the
abacus: a specially marked flat surface used with
counters (counting table), or a frame with beads
strung on wires (bead frame). (5)

 The name Abacus derives from the Greek word

ABAX meaning table or board covered with dust.
The origins of the Abacus are buried deep in the
history of mankind. But it is generaly assumed that
the origins of the Abacus lies in the Middle East
some where in the period known as the Early Middle
Ages. The model developed during that period had a
wooden frame with several wires each strung with
10 beads. Three more than the Abaci we know now
from Asia.
 ABACUS CHRONOLOGY
 500-1000
Country of origin and first appearance
unknown. Region of development: Middle
East
 1300's
Modern Abacus in use in China
 1400's
Abacus in use in Korea
 1600
Abacus known as Soroban in use in Japan
 1700's
Last use of abacus in Europe, driven away
by the introduction of the Hindu-Arabic
notation of numbers.
ASIAN ABACUS
 The Chinese Abacus is made of 13 columns
with 2 beads on top (heaven) and 5 beads
bellow (earth).
 The Japanese copied the Chinese Abacus
around the 14th century AD and adapted it
to a more delicate way of thinking. It has 21
columns with 1 bead on top (heaven) and 4
beads below (earth).
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A ASIAN
ABACUS

overview

detail
ROMAN ABACUS
 The Romans developed the Roman hand abacus, a
portable, but less capable, base-10 version of the previous
Babylonian abacus. It was the first portable calculating
device for engineers, merchants and presumably tax
collectors. It greatly reduced the time needed to perform
the basic operations of Roman arithmetic using Roman
numerals.
 As Karl Menninger says on page 315 of his book,[1] "For
more extensive and complicated calculations, such as those
involved in Roman land surveys, there was, in addition to
the hand abacus, a true reckoning board with unattached
counters or pebbles. The Etruscan cameo and the Greek
predecessors, such as the Salamis Tablet and the Darius
Vase, give us a good idea of what it must have been like,
although no actual specimens of the true Roman counting
board are known to be extant. But language, the most
reliable and conservative guardian of a past culture, has
come to our rescue once more.
 Above all, it has preserved the fact of the
unattached counters so faithfully that we can
discern this more clearly than if we possessed an
actual counting board. What the Greeks called
psephoi, the Romans called calculi. The Latin
word calx means 'pebble' or 'gravel stone'; calculi
are thus little stones (used as counters)."
 Both the Roman abacus and the Chinese
suanpan have been used since ancient times.
With one bead above and four below the bar, the
systematic configuration of the Roman abacus is
coincident to the modern Japanese Soroban,
although the soroban is historically derived from
the suanpan.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A ROMAN
ABACUS
John Napier (1550-1617)
NAPIER’S BONES
Scottish mathematician and
physicist invented a device
used for multiplication and
long divison,called the
Napier’s bones. The device
can also be used to compute
for square root using an
additional bone.
THIS ARE SOME PICTURES OF
NAPIER’S BONES:
WILLIAM OUGHTRED (1575-1660)
SLIDE RULE
 The slide rule was invented in 1620
by William Oughtred an English
mathematician from Cambridge
University in England. The slide
rule perform calculations even
faster than was previously possible
and has been used by
mathematicians and engineers
until the arrival of the pocket
calculator around in 1974.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A SLIDE
RULE:
BLAISE PASCAL
PASCALINE
 BlaisePascal a French
mathematician invented the
Pascal’s calculator or the
Pascaline in 1642 at the age of 19
to help his father in his tax
computation. This machine is
credited to be one of the earliest
calculators.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A PASCALINE:
GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ
(1646-1716)
STEP RECKONER
 GottfriedWilhelm Leibniz a German
mathematician created the
mechanical calculator known as the
Step Reckoner and inside it is the
Leibniz Wheel. The wheel has been
used in many calculating machines
for the next 200 years. It was the first
mechanical calculator that can
perform all mathematical
operations:addition,subtraction,multi
plication and division with fairly
good accuracy and speed.
THIS ARE SOME PICTURES OF STEP
RECKONER:
CHARLES BABBAGE (1792-1871)
ADA LOVELACE (1815-1852)
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 Charles Babbage was an English
mathematician and mechanical
engineer; he was credited to build the
first mechanical computer made out of
hand-made brass parts. He made two
machines,the Difference Engine number
1 and Difference number 2 and then the
unfinished Analytical Engine. His work
had a lasting impact on computing
technology. His use of the punched card
as a storage device was 100 years ahead
of his time. He worked with Ada
Lovelace the first computer
programmer.
THIS A PICTURE OF A ANALYTICAL
ENGINE:
JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD
(1752-1834)
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A PUNCHED
PAPER:
THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)
NEC VACUUM TUBE
 Thomas Edison perfected the light
bulb,and in his many inventions have
direct effect on the computer industry.
Electric power was made available to
all and his work on the bulb led the
discovery of the vacuum tube by Sir
John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) an
English physicist. The vacuum tube is
a building block of the early
computers. American inventor Lee
DeForest (1873-1961) improved on
Fleming’s design and the Audion tube
was made.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF NEC
VACUUM TUBE:
HERMAN HOLLERITH (1860-1929)
HOLLERITH PUNCHED CARD
 Herman Hollerith,an Amrican-born
son of German immigrants won the
counting contest for the 1890 census
data by the US government; he used
the idea of punched cards and
invented the card reader population.
Later on, he formed the company
International Business machine (IBM)
to sell these machines. IBM later on
would pioneer many computers
available all over the world today.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A HOLLERITH
PUNCHED CARD
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
 A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of
mankind. Thanks to the computer technology, we
were able to achieve an efficient storage and
processing of data; we could rest our brains by
employing computer memory capacities for storage
of the information. Owing to computers, we have
been able speed up daily work, carry out critical
transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in
work output. The computers of the earlier years
were of the size of a large room and were required to
consume huge amounts of electric power. However,
with the advancing technology, computers have
shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on
the processing powers and sizes of computers, they
have been classified under various types.
 Let us look at the classification of computers!
ANALOG COMPUTERS:
ANALOG COMPUTERS
 These are almost extinct today.
These are different from a
digital computer because an
analog computer can perform
several mathematical operations
simultaneously. It uses
continuous variables for
mathematical operations and
utilizes mechanical or electrical
energy.
HYBRID COMPUTER:
HYBRID COMPUTERS
These computers are a
combination of both digital
and analog computers. In
this type of computers, the
digital segments perform
process control by
conversion of analog signals
to digital ones.
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS:
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
 Largeorganizations use
mainframes for highly critical
applications such as bulk data
processing and ERP. Most of the
mainframe computers have the
capacities to host multiple
operating systems and operate
as a number of virtual machines
and can thus substitute for
several small servers.
MICRO COMPUTERS:
MICRO COMPUTERS
A computer with a microprocessor and
its central processing unit is known as a
microcomputer. They do not occupy
space as much as mainframes. When
supplemented with a keyboard and a
mouse, microcomputers can be called as
personal computers. A monitor, a
keyboard and other similar input output
devices, computer memory in the form
of RAM and a power supply unit come
packaged in a microcomputer. These
computers can fit on desks or tables and
serve as the best choices for single-user
tasks.
DESKTOPS:
DESKTOPS
A desktop is intended to be used
on a single location. The spare
parts of a desktop computer are
readily available at relative
lower costs. Power consumption
is not as critical as that in
laptops. Desktops are widely
popular for daily use in
workplaces and households.
LAPTOPS:
LAPTOPS
 Similarin operation to desktops,
laptop computers are miniaturized
and optimized for mobile use.
Laptops run on a single battery or an
external adapter that charges the
computer batteries. They are enabled
with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad
acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal
display. Its portability and capacity
to operate on battery power have
served as a boon for mobile users.
PERSONAL DIGITAL
ASSISTANTS (PDAS):
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS
(PDAS)
 It
is a handheld computer and
popularly known as a palmtop. It
has a touch screen and a
memory card for storage of data.
PDAs can also be effectively
used as portable audio players,
web browsers and smart phones.
Most of them can access the
Internet by means of Bluetooth
or Wi-Fi communication.
MINI COMPUTERS:
MINICOMPUTERS
 In terms of size and processing capacity,
minicomputers lie in between mainframes
and microcomputers. Minicomputers are
also called mid-range systems or
workstations. The term began to be
popularly used in the 1960s to refer to
relatively smaller third generation
computers. They took up the space that
would be needed for a refrigerator or two
and used transistor and core memory
technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8
minicomputer of the Digital Equipment
Corporation was the first successful
minicomputer.
SUPER COMPUTERS:
SUPER COMPUTERS
 Thehighly calculation-intensive
tasks can be effectively performed by
means of supercomputers. Quantum
physics, mechanics, weather
forecasting, molecular theory are
best studied by means of
supercomputers. Their ability of
parallel processing and their well-
designed memory hierarchy give the
supercomputers, large transaction
processing powers.
WEARABLE COMPUTERS:
WEARABLE COMPUTERS
 A record-setting step in the evolution of
computers was the creation of wearable
computers. These computers can be worn
on the body and are often used in the study
of behavior modeling and human health.
Military and health professionals have
incorporated wearable computers into their
daily routine, as a part of such studies.
When the users’ hands and sensory organs
are engaged in other activities, wearable
computers are of great help in tracking
human actions. Wearable computers are
consistently in operation as they do not
have to be turned on and off and are
constantly interacting with the user.
 Input and output devices enable us
to interact with a computer.
 Input devices and Output devices
are computer hardware that
enable an operator to interact with
the computer. Without input
devices, a computer user would not
be able to feed instructions to, or
send and store information in, a
computer; without output devices,
the computer would not be able to
give processed information back to
the user.
WHAT IS
INPUT?
 Input is the term denoting either an
entrance or changes which are
inserted into a system and which
activate/modify a process. It is an
abstract concept, used in the
modeling, system(s) design and
system(s) exploitation. It is usually
connected with other terms, e.g.,
input field, input variable, input
parameter, input value, input signal,
input port, input device and input file
(file format).
EXAMPLE OF
INPUT
DEVICES
TRACKBALL: MOUSE:
STYLUS: LIGHT PEN:
JOYSTICK: TOUCH SCREEN:
TOUCHPAD: BARCODE SCANNER:
MICHROPHONE: KEYBOARD:
WHAT IS
OUTPUT?
Output is the term
denoting either an exit or
changes which exit a
system and which
activate/modify a process.
It is an abstract concept,
used in the modeling,
system(s) design and
system(s) exploitation.
EXAMPLE OF
OUTPUT
DEVICES
TELEVISION: MONITOR:
LCD: SPEAKERS:
(Electronic Data
Processing)
WHAT IS EDP?
 Electronic Data Processing (EDP) can
refer to the use of automated
methods to process commercial data.
Typically, this uses relatively simple,
repetitive activities to process large
volumes of similar information. For
example: stock updates applied to an
inventory, banking transactions
applied to account and customer
master files, booking and ticketing
transactions to an airline's
reservation system, billing for utility
services.
 EDP (electronic data processing), an
infrequently used term for what is today
usually called "IS" (information services
or systems) or "MIS" (management
information services or systems), is the
processing of data by a computer and its
programs in an environment involving
electronic communication. EDP evolved
from "DP" (data processing), a term that
was created when most computing input
was physically put into the computer in
punched card form and output as
punched cards or paper reports.
 WHAT IS
HARDWARE?
HARDWARE:
 Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system,
consisting of many components. Some of
those components, like Windows XP, and all
your other programs, are software. The
stuff you can actually see and touch, and
would likely break if you threw it out a
fifth-story window, is hardware.
Not everybody has exactly the same
hardware. But those of you who have a
desktop system, like the example shown in
Figure 1, probably have most of the
components shown in that same figure.
Those of you with notebook computers
probably have most of the same
components. Only in your case the
components are all integrated into a single
book-sized portable unit.
 Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system,
consisting of many components. Some of those
components, like Windows XP, and all your
other programs, are software. The stuff you can
actually see and touch, and would likely break
if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is
hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware.

But those of you who have a desktop system,
like the example shown in Figure 1, probably
have most of the components shown in that
same figure. Those of you with notebook
computers probably have most of the same
components. Only in your case the components
are all integrated into a single book-sized
portable unit
COMPONENTS
OF COMPUTER
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
Computer
Case:
Where all of
the
components
are stored.
CPU
It is
basically the
brain of your
computer.
The CPU is a
used to
process
everything
from basic to
complex
functions in
a computer.
RAM
RAM is
memory that
attaches to
the
motherboard.
RAM is
hardware
used to
temporarily
store and
access data.
Motherboard
A
Motherboard
is the most
important
component in
a computer
system. All of
the other
hardware in a
computer
system
connect to the
motherboard.
Power
Supply
A Power
Supply is
the sends
power to all
of the other
hardware so
they can
operate.
Hard Drive
A Hard
Drive is
used for
permanently
storing files
and
programs.
Disk Drives
Disk Drives
can be a
floppy drive,
CD drive,
DVD drive
or other
possible file
storage
devices that
are used in a
computer.
 The system unit is the actual computer;
everything else is called
a peripheral device. Your computer's
system unit probably has at least one floppy
disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into
which you can insert floppy disks and CDs.
There's another disk drive, called the hard
disk inside the system unit, as shown in
Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or
even see it. But it's there. And everything
that's currently "in your computer" is
actually stored on that hard disk. (We know
this because there is no place else inside the
computer where you can store
information!).
 The floppy drive and CD drive are often
referred to as drives with removable
media or removable drives for short,
because you can remove whatever disk is
currently in the drive, and replace it with
another. Your computer's hard disk can
store as much information as tens of
thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry
about running out of space on your hard
disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to
store everything you create or download on
your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and
CDs to send copies of files through the mail,
or to make backup copies of important
items.
Video Card
A Video
Card is the
part of a
computer
system that
converts
binary code
from the
CPU so you
can view it
on a
monitor.
Monitor
The part of
a computer
that allows
you to see
what the
computer is
processing.
Keyboard
A keyboard
allows a
computer
user to
enter text
commands
into a
computer
system.
Mouse
A mouse
allows a
computer
user to use a
point and
click
interface to
enter
commands.
 WHAT IS
SOFTWARE?
SOFTWARE:
 Computer software, or just software, is a collection
of computer programs and related data that provide
the instructions for telling a computer what to do and
how to do it. In other words, software is a conceptual
entity which is a set of computer programs, procedures,
and associated documentation concerned with the
operation of a data processing system. We can also say
software refers to one or more computer programs and
data held in the storage of the computer for some
purposes. In other words software is a set of programs,
procedures, algorithms and its documentation.
Program software performs the function of
the program it implements, either by directly
providing instructions to the computer hardware or by
serving as input to another piece of software.
The term was coined to contrast to the old
term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast
to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot
be touched". Software is also sometimes used in a more
narrow sense, meaning application software only.
Sometimes the term includes data that has not
traditionally been associated with computers, such as
film, tapes, and records.
EXAMPLES
OF
SOFTWARE
MOZILLA FIREFOX:
GOOGLE CHROME:
INTERNET EXPLORER:
OPERA SOFTWARE:
MAC OS X:
APLLE SAFARI:
DELL:
 WHAT IS
PEOPLEWARE?
PEOPLEWARE:
 Computers operate using a combination
of hardwareand software. However,
without user interaction, most computers
would be useless machines. Therefore,
"peopleware" is sometimes considered a
third aspect that takes into account the
importance of humans in the computing
process.
 Peopleware is less tangible than hardware
or software, since it can refer to many
different things. Examples of peopleware
include individual people, groups of people,
project teams, businesses, developers, and
end users. While peopleware can mean
many different things, it always refers to
the people who develop or
use computer systems.
EXAMPLES
OF
PEOPLEWARE
Teachers uses
computer for
educational
purposes and
also to
communicate.
Students
uses
computer
to do
research
or just
having
fun.
Doctors uses computers
when a patient is
admitted to a clinic or
hospital for any reason,
the clinic or hospital
staff takes a medical
history from the patient
and verifies information
related to insurance and
contact. This information
is then entered into the
clinic or hospital's
computer system for easy
retrieval. The doctor can
log new information
about the patient into
the computerized patient
file and then pull up that
file again as needed for
case assessment and
review. In some cases,
computers are in the
exam rooms, and the
doctor pulls up the file
electronically to discuss
it with the patient.
Scientists use
computers to record,
analyze, and capture
experimental data.
They use computers
to automate
calculations and
create simulations to
test hypotheses.
Computers can also
be used by scientists
for visualization.
They also use
computers to
coordinate and
communicate with
other scientists and
to prepare scientific
publications.
PRINTING
DEVICES
PRINTER:
FAX MACHINE:
XEROX MACHINE:
STORAGE
DEVICES
MEMORY CARD:
SIM CARD:
UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB)
FLOPPY DISK:
CD-ROM:
CD-RW(COMPACT DISC-
REWRITABLE):
 ALL
ABOUT
KEYBOARDING
WHAT IS KEYBOARDING?
Learning how to utilize a
keyboard for computer
functions and typing.
The curriculum is now
offered to elementary school
students due to the
importance of computer
literacy in today's world.
Keyboarding is the act of
typing at a keyboard.
WHAT IS A KEYBOARD?
 In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-
style keyboard, which uses an arrangement
of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical
levers or electronic switches. Following the
decline of punch cards and paper tape,
interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards
became the main input device for
computers.
 Despite the development of alternative
input devices, such as
the mouse, touchscreen, pen
devices, character recognition and voice
recognition, the keyboard remains the most
commonly used and most versatile device
used for direct (human) input into
computers.
A keyboard typically has
characters engraved or printed on the
keys and each press of a key typically
corresponds to a single writtensymbol.
However, to produce some symbols
requires pressing and holding several
keys simultaneously or in sequence.
While most keyboard keys
produce letters, numbers or signs
(characters), other keys or
simultaneous key presses can produce
actions or computer commands.
 In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type
text and numbers into a word processor, text
editor or other program. In a modern computer,
the interpretation of key presses is generally
left to the software. A computer keyboard
distinguishes each physical key from every
other and reports all key presses to the
controlling software. Keyboards are also used
for computer gaming, either with regular
keyboards or by using keyboards with special
gaming features, which can expedite frequently
used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is
also used to give commands to the operating
system of a computer, such
as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination,
which brings up a task window or shuts down
the machine. Keyboards are the only way to
enter commands on a command-line interface.
THIS IS A PICTURE OF A
KEYBOARD:
FUNCTION
KEYS
ON
A
KEYBOARD
FUNCTION OF F1:
 Thiskey is used as Help Key.
You can get help of any
programmes by pressing F1 key.
When you press F1 key you will
come to know the help topics of
the programme which you need
to know for performing the
programming task. So this F1
key is a very important key for
you.
FUNCTION OF F2:
 Ingeneral this key is used for
renaming any files and folder. In
Microsoft word Alt+ctrl+F2 Key
is used for opening any new file.
You can get print preview of
word by pressing ctrl +F2 And
F2 press for entering bios system
of the PC.
FUNCTION OF F3:
This key allows you to get
search option for Microsoft
word or others programme.
Shift + F is press for making
Microsoft word's letter big to
small or capital letter for all
beginning words of a
sentence.
FUNCTION OF F4:
You can repeat last action
performed while doing
type in Microsoft word.
You can Closed all
running programmed
using Alt + F4 key and
Ctrl + F4 press for closing
all active window.
FUNCTION OF F5:
This is very common key.
You can see a lot of time we
do refresh our PC by
pressing F5 key. This is a key
for refreshing Microsoft
window or Internet browser
window To start power point
slide show we can use F5
key. In word we can use it
for find replace and go to
options.
FUNCTION OF F6:
This key is used for
moving mouse cursor to
writing web address at
the address bar to start
writing any address Ctrl +
shift + F6 is used for
active other open
document in MSword.
FUNCTION OF F7:
This is a very important key
for checking grammar and
spelling in word. In FireFox
you can start caret browsing
using this key Shift+F7 is
used for starting a dictionary
for finding any synonym or
antonym of the word or
forms of word.
FUNCTION OF F8:
This key is very
essential to start a
operating system. In
general for booting
from safe mood this
key is used.
FUNCTION OF F9:
In quark express 5.0 To
open measurement
Toolbar you can use this
key. Some time while set
up windows we have to
press this key for boot
from CD. This is not same
in every PC.
FUNCTION OF F10:
You can select menu bar
from any open browser by
pressing this key. In a
selected word or image move
the mouse cursor over it then
to get right button's task of
mouse we need to press shift
+ F10.
FUNCTION OF F11:
We can see our
web browser in
full screen by
pressing F11
key.
FUNCTION OF F12:
In MSword we can used
this key for saving our
document. To save any
ms word file we can
press shift + F12 To
print a file we need to
press ctrl +shift + F12
 KEY
SHORTCUTS
WINDOWS SYSTEM KEY
COMBINATIONS:
 F1:Help
 CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
 ALT+TAB: Switch between open
programs
 ALT+F4: Quit program
 SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item
permanently
 Windows Logo+L: Lock the
computer (without using
CTRL+ALT+DELETE)
WINDOWS PROGRAM KEY
COMBINATIONS
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+V: Paste
CTRL+Z: Undo
CTRL+B: Bold
CTRL+U: Underline
CTRL+I: Italic
MOUSE CLICK/KEYBOARD MODIFIER
COMBINATIONS FOR SHELL OBJECTS
 SHIFT+right click: Displays a
shortcut menu containing alternative
commands
 SHIFT+double click: Runs the
alternate default command (the
second item on the menu)
 ALT+double click: Displays
properties
 SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item
immediately without placing it in the
Recycle Bin
GENERAL KEYBOARD-ONLY
COMMANDS
 F1: Starts Windows Help
 F10: Activates menu bar options

 SHIFT+F10 Opens a shortcut menu for the

selected item (this is the same as right-
clicking an object
 CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the
ARROW keys to select an item)
 CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button
(press TAB to select the taskbar, or press
SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)
 CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows
Task Manager
 ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-
down list box
 ALT+TAB: Switch to another running
program (hold down the ALT key and
then press the TAB key to view the
task-switching window)
 SHIFT: Press and hold down the
SHIFT key while you insert a CD-
ROM to bypass the automatic-run
feature.
 ALT+SPACE: Displays the main
window's System menu (from
the System menu, you can restore, move,
resize, minimize, maximize, or close the
window)
 ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple
Document Interface (MDI) child
window's System menu (from the MDI child
window's System menu, you can restore,
move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close
the child window)
 CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child
window of a Multiple Document Interface
(MDI) program
 ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the
menu
 ALT+F4: Closes the current
window
 CTRL+F4: Closes the current
Multiple Document Interface
(MDI) window
 ALT+F6: Switch between
multiple windows in the same
program (for example, when the
Notepad Finddialog box is
displayed, ALT+F6 switches
between the Find dialog box and
the main Notepad window)
SHELL OBJECTS AND GENERAL
FOLDER/WINDOWS EXPLORER SHORTCUTS

 F2: Rename object

 F3: Find all files

 CTRL+X: Cut

 CTRL+C: Copy

 CTRL+V: Paste

 SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection

immediately, without moving the
item to the Recycle Bin
 ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for
the selected object
To copy a file
Press and hold down the
CTRL key while you drag the
file to another folder.To
create a shortcut
Press and hold down
CTRL+SHIFT while you drag
a file to the desktop or a
folder.
GENERAL FOLDER/SHORTCUT
CONTROL
 F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box
and moves down the entries in the box (if the
toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
 F5: Refreshes the current window.
 F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
 CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in
Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
 CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
 CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current
window
 BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
 SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close
the current folder plus all parent folders
WINDOWS EXPLORER TREE
CONTROL
 Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything
under the current selection
 Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current
selection
 Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current
selection.
 RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current
selection if it is not expanded, otherwise
goes to the first child
 LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current
selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to
the parent
PROPERTIES CONTROL

CTRL+TAB/CTR
L+SHIFT+TAB:
Move through
the property tabs
ACCESSIBILITY SHORTCUTS
 Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys
on and off
 Press down and hold the right SHIFT key
for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and
off
 Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key
for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and
off
 Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles
MouseKeys on and off
 Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN:
Toggles high contrast on and off
MICROSOFT NATURAL
KEYBOARD KEYS
 Windows Logo: Start menu
 Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box

 Windows Logo+M: Minimize all

 SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo

minimize all
 Windows Logo+F1: Help

 Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer

 Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders

 Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open
windows and displays the desktop
 CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer

 CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus

from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar,
to the system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or
LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on
the Quick Launch toolbar and the system
tray)
 Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through
taskbar buttons
 Windows Logo+Break: System
Properties dialog box
 Application key: Displays a shortcut menu
for the selected item
MICROSOFT NATURAL KEYBOARD WITH
INTELLITYPE SOFTWARE INSTALLED
 Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows
 Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager
 Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel
 Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard
 Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard
Properties dialog box
 Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse
Properties dialog box
 Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility
Options (if installed)
 Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the
list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
 Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on
and off
DIALOG BOX KEYBOARD
COMMANDS
 TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog
box
 SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control
in the dialog box
 SPACEBAR: If the current control is a
button, this clicks the button. If the current
control is a check box, this toggles the
check box. If the current control is an
option, this selects the option.
 ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected
button (the button with the outline)
 ESC: Equivalent to clicking
the Cancel button
 ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item:
Move to the corresponding item
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
 Business is an economic
system in
which goods and services are
exchanged for one another
or money, on the basis of their
perceived worth. Every business
requires some form of
investment and a sufficient
number of customers to whom
its output can be sold
at profit on a consistent basis.
 TYPES
OF
BUSINESSES
CORPORATION:
 A corporation provides limited liability for
the investors. Except as indicated below,
none of the shareholders in a corporation is
obligated for the debts of the corporation;
creditors can look only to the corporation's
assets for payment. The corporation files its
own tax return and pays taxes on its
income. If the corporation distributes some
of its earnings in the form of dividends, it
does not deduct the dividend in computing
its taxes, but the shareholder recipients
must pay taxes on those dividends even
though the corporation has paid taxes on
its earnings. A corporation has some tax
benefits such as deductibility of health
insurance premiums.
COOPERATIVE:
 A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is
a business organization owned and
operated by a group of individuals for their
mutual benefit. A cooperative is defined by
the International Cooperative
Alliance's Statement on the Cooperative
Identity as "an autonomous association of
persons united voluntarily to meet their
common economic, social, and cultural
needs and aspirations through jointly
owned and democratically
controlled enterprise". A cooperative may
also be defined as a business owned and
controlled equally by the people who use its
services or by the people who work there.
Various aspects regarding cooperative
enterprise are the focus of study in the field
of cooperative economics.
PARTNERSHIPS:
 A partnership is the relationship existing
between two or more persons who join to
carry on a trade or business. Each person
contributes money, property, labor or skill,
and expects to share in the profits and
losses of the business.
 A partnership must file an annual
information return to report the income,
deductions, gains, losses, etc., from its
operations, but it does not pay income tax.
Instead, it "passes through" any profits or
losses to its partners. Each partner includes
his or her share of the partnership's income
or loss on his or her tax return.
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP:
 A sole proprietorship is one person alone.
He or she will have unlimited liability for
all debts of the business, and the income or
loss from the business will be reported on
his or her personal income tax return along
with all other income and expense he or she
normally reports (although it will be on a
separate schedule). Although
proprietorship avoids the expense of
forming a partnership or corporation, many
start businesses this way because they are
unfamiliar with the other forms of
organizations.
INCORPORATED:
A firm or company that
has been formed into
a legal corporation by
completing the
required procedures.
 ASSETS
AND
LIABILITIES
 Assets, liabilities and owners' equity are the three
components that make up a company's balance sheet.
The balance sheet, which shows a business's financial
condition at any point, is based on this equation:
 Assets = Liabilities + Owners' EquityThis
equation is also the framework for keeping track of
money as it flows in and out of your company.
Starting with the first penny you earn, you'll record
in a general ledger each and every transaction using a
double-entry system of debits and credits. Assets get
recorded on the top or the left side of the balance
sheet; liabilities and owners' equity are recorded on
the bottom or the right side of the balance sheet.
 The information on each company's general ledger is
unique to that business; however, all companies
classify their general ledger accounts as assets,
liabilities or owners' equity. Businesses use more
specific accounts within each classification, for
example, "current assets" or "long-term liabilities," to
organize and track their finances.
WHAT ARE ASSETS?
 An asset is anything of value that
your company owns — including
cash. Assets get recorded on the
balance sheet in terms of their dollar
values. Remember, even if you used
credit to purchase an asset, you still
own it. Its full dollar value gets
recorded on one side of the balance
sheet as an asset, and the amount you
owe gets recorded on the other side
of the balance sheet as a liability.
THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF
ASSETS:
 Current assets. These are assets with dollar
amounts that continually change, for example, cash,
accounts receivable, inventory or raw materials your
company uses to make a product. They are listed on
the balance sheet in order of their liquidity, or how
fast they can be converted into cash.
 Investments. Companies, like individuals, can own
securities such as stocks and bonds. Investments, like
cash or property, are considered assets.
 Capital assets. Think of capital assets, also called
plant assets, as permanent things your company
owns. Land, buildings, equipment and vehicles are
common capital assets. So are things like computers,
furniture and appliances, as long as they remain for
use within your business and are not items you sell.
 Intangible assets. Patents, copyrights and other
nonmaterial assets that have value are referred to as
intangible.
WHAT ARE LIABILITIES?
Liabilitiesare
anything a company
owes to people or
businesses other than
its owners is
considered a liability.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
LIABILITIES:
 Current liabilities. In general, if a
liability must be paid within a year,
it is considered current. This
includes bills, money you owe to your
vendors and suppliers, employee
payroll and short-term loans.
 Long-term liabilities. A long-term
liability is any debt that extends
beyond one year, such as a mortgage.
OWNERS' EQUITY:
 Owners' equity, also called capital, is any
debt owed to the business owners. For
example, if you invested $50,000 of your
savings to start a business, that amount is
recorded in a capital account, also referred
to as an owners'-equity account. In publicly
traded companies, outstanding preferred
and common stock also represents owners'
equity.
 Your business's revenues and expenses are
also recorded in capital accounts because
they relate to how much money your
company makes over a period of time. At
the end of each accounting cycle, a
business' profits get transferred to a capital
account.
 ALL
ABOUT
INTERNET
HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK?
 To help you understand how the
Internet works, we'll look at the
things that happen when you do a
typical Internet operation — pointing
a browser at the front page of this
document at its home on the Web at
the Linux Documentation Project.
This document is
 http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-
and-Internet-Fundamentals-
HOWTO/index.html
NAMES AND LOCATIONS:
 The first thing your browser has to do is to
establish a network connection to the machine
where the document lives. To do that, it first
has to find the network location of
the host www.tldp.org (‘host’ is short for ‘host
machine’ or ‘network host'; www.tldp.org is a
typical hostname). The corresponding location
is actually a number called an IP address (we'll
explain the ‘IP’ part of this term later).
 To do this, your browser queries a program
called a name server. The name server may live
on your machine, but it's more likely to run on
a service machine that yours talks to. When you
sign up with an ISP, part of your setup
procedure will almost certainly involve telling
your Internet software the IP address of a name
server on the ISP's network.
THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
 The whole network of programs and
databases that cooperates to translate
hostnames to IP addresses is called ‘DNS’
(Domain Name System). When you see
references to a ‘DNS server’, that means
what we just called a nameserver. Now I'll
explain how the overall system works.
 Internet hostnames are composed of parts
separated by dots. A domain is a collection
of machines that share a common name
suffix. Domains can live inside other
domains. For example, the machine
www.tldp.org lives in the .tldp.org
subdomain of the .org domain.
 Each domain is defined by
an authoritative name server that
knows the IP addresses of the other
machines in the domain. The
authoritative (or ‘primary') name
server may have backups in case it
goes down; if you see references to
a secondary name server or
(‘secondary DNS') it's talking about
one of those. These secondaries
typically refresh their information
from their primaries every few hours,
so a change made to the hostname-to-
IP mapping on the primary will
automatically be propagated.
PACKETS AND ROUTERS:
 What the browser wants to do is send a
command to the Web server on
www.tldp.org that looks like this:
 GET /LDP/HOWTO/Fundamentals.html
HTTP/1.0 Here's how that happens. The
command is made into a packet, a block of
bits like a telegram that is wrapped with
three important things; the source
address (the IP address of your machine),
the destination address(152.19.254.81), and
a service number or port number (80, in this
case) that indicates that it's a World Wide
Web request.
TCP AND IP:
 The lower level, IP (Internet Protocol), is
responsible for labeling individual packets
with the source address and destination
address of two computers exchanging
information over a network. For example,
when you access http://www.tldp.org, the
packets you send will have your computer's
IP address, such as 192.168.1.101, and the IP
address of the www.tldp.org computer,
152.2.210.81. These addresses work in much
the same way that your home address
works when someone sends you a letter.
The post office can read the address and
determine where you are and how best to
route the letter to you, much like a router
does for Internet traffic.
 The upper level, TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol), gives you reliability. When two
machines negotiate a TCP connection
(which they do using IP), the receiver
knows to send acknowledgements of the
packets it sees back to the sender. If the
sender doesn't see an acknowledgement for
a packet within some timeout period, it
resends that packet. Furthermore, the
sender gives each TCP packet a sequence
number, which the receiver can use to
reassemble packets in case they show up
out of order. (This can easily happen if
network links go up or down during a
connection.)
HTTP:
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS) is a combination of the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol and a
cryptographic protocol. It is an
encrypted form of information transfer
on the internet.
 Http://-Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) is an application-level protocol
for
distributed,collaborative,hypermedia
information systems. It’s use for
retrieving inter-linked resources led to
the establishment of the World Wide
Web
HTML:
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the
predominant markup language for web pages. HTML
elements are the basic building-blocks of webpages.
 HTML is written in the form of HTML
elements consisting of tags, enclosed in angle
brackets (like <html>), within the web page content.
HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like <h1>
and </h1>, although some tags, known as empty
elements, are unpaired, for example <img>. The first
tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end
tag (they are also called opening tags and closing
tags). In between these tags web designers can add
text, tags, comments, and other types of text-based
content.
 The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML
documents and compose them into visible or audible
web pages. The browser does not display the HTML
tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the
page.
 HTML elements form the building blocks of
all websites. HTML allows images and
objects to be embedded and can be used to
create interactive forms. It provides a
means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such
as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes
and other items. It can embed scripts in
languages such as JavaScript which affect
the behavior of HTML web pages.
 Web browsers can also refer to Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance
and layout of text and other material.
The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and
the CSS standards, encourages the use of
CSS over explicitly presentational HTML
markup.[1]
WORLD WIDE WEB:
 The World Wide Web (abbreviated
as WWW or W3,[2] and commonly known as the
Web) is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via
the Internet. With a web browser, one can
view web pages that may contain text, images,
videos, and
other multimedia and navigate between them
via hyperlinks.
 Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems,
British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim
Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in
March 1989 for what would eventually become
the World Wide Web.[1] At CERN in Geneva,
Switzerland, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer
scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to
use hypertext "... to link and access information
of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the
user can browse at will",[3] and they publicly
introduced the project in December.[4]
 "TheWorld-Wide Web was developed
to be a pool of human knowledge, and
human culture, which would allow
collaborators in remote sites to share
their ideas and all aspects of a
common project."[5]
URL:
 URL stands for Uniform Resource
Locator. A URL is a formatted text
string used by Web browsers, email
clients and other software to identify
a network resource on the Internet.
Network resources are files that can
be plain Web pages, other text
documents, graphics, or
programs.URL strings consist of
three parts (substrings):
 1. network protocol
2. host name or address
3. file or resource location
WHAT IS A LETTER?
A letter is a message written by a
person to convey a message to
another. Letters represent
mutual friendship and a type of
humanly communication,
especially on a regular letter
exchange between two people.
FRIENDLY LETTER:
 Friendly letters are letters that you write to a
friend. They are usually filled with information
about you, and ask questions about how your
friend is doing. To write a friendly letter, put
the date in the upper right hand corner. Begin
with a greeting, for example ' Dear Brittany,'
Next write the body of the letter. Include all of
the information and questions you have for the
person you are writing to. Remember to indent
each paragraph. When you are finished writing
your letter, end with a closing, such as '
Sincerely,' ' Yours truly,' or ' Love,' followed
below by your name. When you are finished
writing your letter, reread it to see if grammar,
punctuation, and spelling is correct, and if what
you wrote is clear to the person you are writing
to.
EXAMPLE OF FRIENDLY LETTER:
 13 Villaluz Street
Angono,Rizal
September 2, 2011
Dear Susan,

It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it's only
been several weeks since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!
I spend my all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice tan and you
can no longer say I am paler than you. I have been playing lots of volleyball,
surfing and building a nice collection of sea shells. Just this past weekend I
took second place in a sandcastle building contest!
On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice
cream to the kids. It is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most,
ice cream and kids. The pay isn't too great but I love the job so much.
I hope the summer's been going well for you too. There's only a month and
a half left in summer vacation and after that it's back to school. Would you like
to meet up some time before school starts?

Your friend,
Kate
BUSINESS LETTER:
 A business letter is written in formal language.
The letter is written for official correspondence
between two organizations and organizations
and customers, clients, etc. The style of the
business letter depends on the relationship that
is shared between the two parties. A business
letter is used for various purposes like offering
a business deal to other organization, accepting
an offer, denying an offer, new schemes for
customer, extending the contract with a client.
 A business letter should be short and to the
point. The content used in the letter should be
clear and it should suffice the objective of
writing the letter. The letter has to give out the
main message to be conveyed right in the
beginning. The letter should not have any
typographical and grammatical error.
EXAMPLE OF BUSINESS LETTER:
13 Villaluz Street
Angono,Rizal
September 2, 2011

Ms. Betty Johnson

Accounts Payable
The Cooking Store
765 Berliner Plaza
Industrial Point, CA 68534

Dear Ms. Johnson:

It has come to my attention that your company, The Cooking Store has been
late with paying their invoices for the past three months.
In order to encourage our customers to pay for their invoices before the due
date, we have implemented a discount model where we'll give you 2% off your
invoice if you pay us within 10 days of receiving the invoice.
I hope that everything is going well for you and your company. You are one
of our biggest customers, and we appreciate your business. If you have any
questions, feel free to contact me at (555) 555-5555.
Sincerely,
Patrisha Kate R. Picones
INVITATION LETTER:
 An invitation letter serves the purpose of
inviting a guest to a party, event or
celebration while conveying more
information than a traditional invitation
card. It serves two purposes; one, to invite
the individual to the event and two, to
ensure that the person receiving the letter
is going to attend. There are two tenses
used within the invitation letter, the
present and the future. The present tense
conveys information about the event and
the future tense ensures the guest is going
to attend.
EXAMPLE OF INVITATION LETTER :
13 Villaluz Street
Angono,Rizal
September 2, 2011
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Portacio,

As the parents of the bride, I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to
the wedding of our daughter, Sandra Green to her fiancé, Adam Locke. On this joyous
occasion, we wish to share the day with our closest friends and family members.
Children grow faster than any of us can imagine, the time is upon us to watch our
child grow and flourish into a new stage of their life. He proposed while the two of them
were on vacation, she happily accepted and now they are to be married.
The formal event will be located at the Fire Lake Golf and Country Club on the
fifteenth of August at three o'clock, two thousand and nine.
Please RSVP by the fifteenth of June to ensure attendance.
We hope to see you there to enjoy this special day with friends and family.

Sincerely Yours,
Patrisha Picones



EXCUSE LETTER:
 The routine is familiar: when a
student is late or absent from
school, a letter from the parents
must be supplied for the absence
to be excused. Sometimes such
letters suggest that the parents
were excused from school too
many times in their own youth.
EXAMPLE OF EXCUSE LETTER :
13 Villaluz Street
Angono,Rizal
September 2, 2011

Dear Ms. Bonifacio:

Please excuse me for being absent on
September 1, 2011. I’m not felling well because of
headache.
Thank you for your kind consideration.

Sincerely yours,
Patrisha Kate Picones
RESUME:
 A resume is a summary of your experiences and
skills relevant to the field of work you are entering.
 It highlights your accomplishments to show a
potential employer that you are qualified for the
work you want. It is not a biography of everything
you have done.
 Its purpose is to get you an interview.
 A resume can (and often should) reflect more than
just your paid work experience. Current students, in
particular, should consider including the details of
your more important extracurricular, volunteer and
leadership experiences.
 Tailor separate resumes to fit each career field in
which you are job searching. Some people create
slightly different resumes tailored to each job
opening.
 Remember that you can attend a resume
workshop or have your resume critiqued here at the
Career Center.
EXAMPLE OF A RESUME:
13 Villaluz Street
Angono,Rizal
September 2, 2011
Home: (410) 555-1212 Office: (410) 844-1212
 Job Title and Vacancy Announcement Number: TTC -XX- Law
Enforcement Officer
 Veteran's Preference: N/A
Federal Civilian Status: N/A
Country of Citizenship: U.S.A.
 CERTIFICATIONS: Firefighter II, National Professional Qualifications
Board
 EDUCATION:
 University of Maryland — Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228
 Degree: B.S. Degree, magna cum laude, May 1994
 Academic: GPA: 3.85/4.0
 Major: Emergency Health Services — Paramedic Track
 Academic Honors: Fall 1992, Spring 1993, and Fall 1993
 Honor Society Membership: Phi Kappa Phi
 Calvert Hall College High School, Baltimore, MD 21286
 College preparatory curriculum, received diploma, June 1989
 TRAINING
 Introduction to Criminal Justice
Essex Community College, Baltimore, MD, 21229, January — May 1995
 COMPUTER SKILLS: Macintosh and PCS, Microsoft Windows,
Microsoft Works, WordPerfect
 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:
 Nordstrom
10400 Mill Run Circle, Owings Mills, MD 21117
From: 11/95 — To: Present
Salary: $8.00/hour
Hours: 20-30/week
Supervisor: Christopher Troutman
Telephone: (410) 555-1212
Present employer may be contacted.
Position: Loss Prevention Specialist
 Educate associates regarding external losses of merchandise. Ensure
compliance with security procedures. Prevent external loss by using
surveillance techniques, undercover operations, and physical
deterrents. Provide a safe environment for both employees and
customers. Control internal loss by monitoring physical inventory and
financial transactions.
 Volunteer Experience:
 Stevenson Volunteer Fire and Ambulance Company, 6/92 — 4/95
Stevenson, MD 21230, 15 — 20 hours per week
Supervisor: Roger E. Waters, Telephone (410) 555-8989
 Volunteer Firefighter — Active volunteer in community, with the duty
of providing quality medical care to the sick and injured, and
preservation of life and property.