Mr.

Coleman
Biology
 DNA is often called
the blueprint of life.
 In simple terms, DNA
contains the
instructions for
making proteins
within the cell.
 The DNA in a cell
is packed into an
elaborate,
multilevel system
of coiling and
folding
We study DNA for
many reasons, e.g.,
 its central
importance to all life
on Earth,
 medical benefits
such as cures for
diseases,
 better food crops.
 Our genes are on
our chromosomes.
 Chromosomes are
made up of a
chemical called
DNA.
 Chromatin: long
stringy fibers of
DNA and Protein.
Is how DNA exists
when not dividing.
 Chromosomes
› made of
chromatin
(Stringy DNA)
 DNA is a very
long polymer.
 The basic shape
is like a twisted
ladder or zipper.
 This is called a
double helix.
 The DNA double
helix has two
strands twisted
together.
 Sister chromatids:
2 identical copies
of a chromosome
Chromosome
made before cell duplication
division.
 During Cell Sister
chromatids
Division sister
chromatids
separate
Sister
Chromosome
distribution
to
daughter
cells
DNA consists of two molecules that are
arranged into a ladder-like structure called
a Double Helix.

A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of

tiny subunits called Nucleotides.

Each nucleotide consists of:

1. Phosphate group
2. Pentose sugar
3. Nitrogenous base
Phospha
te
Nitrogeno
us
Base
Pentos
e
Sugar
 The backbone phosphate
of the molecule
is alternating
phosphate and
deoxyribose, a deoxyribose

sugar, parts.
 The teeth are
nitrogenous bases
bases.
 O

O -P O
O
O

O -P O
O O

O -P O
O Nitrogenous
base
O
Phosphate
C

C
C

C C
Deoxyribose
O
The phosphate and sugar form the backbone
of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form
the “rungs”.

There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

 A T

Adenine Thymine

C G

Cytosine Guanine
Each base will only bond with one other
specific base.

Adenine(A)
Form a base
Thymine (T)
pair.
Cytosine(C)
Guanine (G) Form a base
pair.
 nucleotide

 One strand of DNA

is a polymer of
nucleotides.
 One strand of DNA
has many millions
of nucleotides.
DNA has four different bases:
 Cytosine C
 Thymine T
 Adenine A
 Guanine G
 N
 Pyrimidines are N C

single ring bases. O C C

N C

 Purines are double

N
ring bases. N C
C C
N
N C
N C
 Adenine and Guanine are purines
(composed of two rings of nitrogen
atoms)
 Thymineand Cytosine are pyrimidines
(composed of one ring of nitrogen
atoms)
 Thymine and cytosine each have one
ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

N
O
N N C
C

O C C
O C C
C
N C
N C
thymine cytosine
 Adenine and guanine each have two
rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms.

N O

N C N C

C C N C C
N N

N C N C
Guanine C
Adenine C
N N
 Remember, DNA
has two strands
that fit together
something like a
zipper.
 The teeth are the
nitrogenous
bases but why do
they stick
together?
Because of this complementary base
pairing, the order of the bases in one
strand determines the order of the
bases in the other strand.
A T

C
G

T A

C
G

A T

G C

T A
 N
 The bases attract
each other because

C
N
of hydrogen bonds.

N
 Hydrogen bonds are

C
weak but there are

N
O
millions and millions
of them in a single

C
N
molecule of DNA.
C N
 (The bonds between
cytosine and guanine C C O
are shown here.)
C N
 When making O
hydrogen bonds, N C
cytosine always
pairs up with
O C C C
guanine,
N
 And adenine always
N C
pairs up with C
thymine. N
C
 (Adenine and N
thymine are shownC
here.) C C
N N
 Each cell has about 2 m
of DNA.
 The average human
has 75 trillion cells.
 The average human
has enough DNA to go
from the earth to the
sun more than 400 The earth is 150 billion m
times. or 93 million miles from
the sun.
 DNA has a diameter of
only 0.000000002 m.
Tocrack the genetic code found in DNA we
need to look at the sequence of bases.

The bases are arranged in triplets called

codons.

AGG-CTC-AAG-TCC-TAG
TCC-GAG-TTC-AGG-ATC
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a
protein.

Each unique gene has a unique sequence

of bases.

This unique sequence of bases will code for

the production of a unique protein.

Itis these proteins and combination of

proteins that give us a unique phenotype.
 DNA
Gene
Protein

Trait
THANKYOU
FOR
LISTENING
 AE