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Human Development > Introduction to Human Development

Introduction to Human Development

• Nature vs. Nurture
• Methods for Researching Human Development

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Human Development > Introduction to Human Development

Nature vs. Nurture

• A significant issue in developmental psychology has been the relationship
between the innateness of an attribute (whether it is part of our nature) and the
environmental effects on that attribute (whether it is derived from or influenced by
our environment, or nurture).

• Today, developmental psychologists rarely take polarized positions with regard to

most aspects of development; instead, they investigate the relationship between
innate and environmental influences.

• The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and social factors
all play a significant role in human development. Heritability Estimates
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• Environmental inputs can affect the expression of genes, a relationship called
gene-environment interaction. An individual's genes and their environment work
together, communicating back and forth to create traits.

• The diathesis–stress model serves to explore how biological or genetic traits

(diatheses) interact with environmental influences (stressors) to produce
disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or schizophrenia.

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Human Development > Introduction to Human Development

Methods for Researching Human Development

• To study changes in individuals over time, developmental psychologists use
systematic observation; self-reports, clinical interviews, or structured observation;
case studies; and ethnography or participant observation.

• Three common research methods are the experimental method (which

investigates cause and effect), correlational method (which explores relationships
between variables), and the case study approach (which provides in-depth
information about a particular case).

• Regardless of whether studies employ the experimental, correlational, or case

study methodology, they can use research designs or logical frameworks to make Longitudinal Designs
key comparisons within research studies. View on Boundless.com

• Common research designs include longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential, and

microgenetic designs.

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Appendix
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Human Development

Key terms
• cohort A demographic grouping of people, especially those in a defined age group, or sharing a common characteristic.
• correlation One of the several measures of the linear statistical relationship between two random variables, indicating the
strength of the relationship but not necessarily the causation.
• ethnography The branch of anthropology that scientifically describes specific human cultures and societies.
• gene A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next and carries genetic
information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein.
• genotype That part (DNA sequence) of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which
determines a specific characteristic (phenotype) of that cell/organism/individual.
• heritability The ratio of the genetic variance of a population to its phenotypic variance; i.e., the proportion of variability that is
genetic in origin.
• innate Inborn; native; natural.
• Longitudinal Sampling data over time rather than merely once.
• trait An identifying characteristic, habit, or trend.

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Human Development

Heritability Estimates
This chart illustrates three patterns one might see when studying the influence of genes and environment on individual traits.

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Wikipedia. "Nature versus nurture." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture View on Boundless.com
Human Development

Developmental Psychology Research

Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social
context, and their impact on development.

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Human Development

Longitudinal Designs
Children experience rapid physical changes through infancy and early childhood. In a longitudinal study, a researcher observes many individuals born at
or around the same time and observes them as they age. (credit "left": modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk; credit "middle-left": modification of work by
Kristi Fausel; credit "middle-right": modification of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "right": modification of work by Rose Spielman)

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Human Development

The nature versus nurture debate has left developmental

psychologists with the understanding that:

A) Nature, or genes, dominates human development.

B) Nurture, or environment, dominates human development.

C) Nature and nurture work together in human development.

D) Nature, or environment, dominates human development.

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Human Development

The nature versus nurture debate has left developmental

psychologists with the understanding that:

A) Nature, or genes, dominates human development.

B) Nurture, or environment, dominates human development.

C) Nature and nurture work together in human development.

D) Nature, or environment, dominates human development.

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Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Human Development

Developmental psychologists utilize which of the following:

A) Both of these answers

B) Research methods, including experimental, cross-sectional, and case

study.

C) Research designs, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential,

and microgenetic design.

D) None of these answers

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Human Development

Developmental psychologists utilize which of the following:

A) Both of these answers

B) Research methods, including experimental, cross-sectional, and case

study.

C) Research designs, including longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential,

and microgenetic design.

D) None of these answers

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Human Development

Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Biopsychosocial Model." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model
• Wikipedia. "Diathesis-Stress Model." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diathesis%E2%80%93stress_model
• Open Stax. "What is Lifespan Development?." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:50/Psychology
• Wiktionary. "heritability." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heritability
• Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene
• Wiktionary. "locus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locus
• WIKIPEDIA. "Nature versus nurture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture
• WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
• WIKIBOOKS. "Introduction to Psychology/Human Development." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Human_Development
• WIKIPEDIA. "Nature versus nurture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture
• Wiktionary. "trait." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trait
• Open Stax. "What is Lifespan Development?." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:50/Psychology
• WIKIPEDIA. "Microgenetic design." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgenetic_design
• WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
• WIKIPEDIA. "Developmental psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_psychology
• Wiktionary. "cohort." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cohort
• Wiktionary. "correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/correlation

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Human Development

• Wiktionary. "ethnography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnography

• Wiktionary. "Longitudinal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Longitudinal

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