Database System Architecture

Instructor:
Kamran Dahri
Lecturer, IICT
 Introduction
• DBMSs do not all conform to the same
architecture
• The three-level architecture forms the basis of
modern database architectures.
• this is in agreement with the ANSI/SPARC
study group on Database Management
Systems.
• ANSI/SPARC is the American National
Standards Institute/Standard Planning and
Requirement Committee).
 3 Levels of Architecture

• The internal level (also known as the physical level)

is the one closest to physical storage. i.e. it is the one
concerned with the way data is physically stored;
• The External level (also known as the user logical
level) is the one closest to the users. i.e. it is the one
concerned with the way the data is seen by
individual users.
• The conceptual level (also known as the community
logical level, or sometimes just the logical level) is a
level of indirection between the other two.
 3 Levels of Architecture

• Above the figure showing 3 level architecture of database system

Detailed System architecture
 Mappings
• The conceptual/internal mapping defines the
correspondence between the conceptual view
and the stored database;
• It defines how conceptual records and fields
are represented at the internal level.
• If the change is made to the structure
definition- then the conceptual/internal
mapping must be changed accordingly.
 Mapping
• An external/conceptual mapping defines the
correspondence between a particular external
view and the conceptual view.
• For example, fields can have different data
types; fields and names can be changes;
several conceptual fields can be combined
into a single (virtual) external field; and so on.
 The Database Administrator
• Tasks performed by DBA;
• Defining the conceptual schema
• Defining the internal schema
• Defining the security and integrity constraints
• Defining dump and reload policies
• Monitoring performance and responding to change
requirements
 DBMS

• The database management system (DBMS) is

the software that:
• handles all access to the database
• is responsible for applying the authorization
checks and validation procedures
 Database Management System

• Conceptually what happens is:

1. A user issues an access request, using some
particular DML.
2. The DBMS intercepts the request and interprets it.
3. The DBMS inspects in turn the external schema, the
external/conceptual mapping, the conceptual
schema, the conceptual internal mapping, and the
storage structure definition.
4. The DBMS performs the necessary operations on
the stored database.
 Function of DBMS
• Data Definition
– DBMS must be able to accept data definitions
(external schemas, the conceptual schema, the
internal schema and all associated mappings) in
source form and convert them to the appopriate
object form.
• Data Manipulations
– The DBMS must be able to handle request to
retrieve, update or delete existing data in the
database or to add new data to the database.
 Functions of DBMS
• Optimization and execution
• Data security and integrity
• Data recovery and concurrency
• Data dictionary (metadata or descriptors)
• Performance
 Reading Assignment
• What is DDL and What is DML?
• What is DDL compiler ? What is DML Compiler?