• SYMBIOSIS FROM THE GREEK WORD “SYMBIOUN” MEANS “ TO LIVE TOGETHER”.
• IN BIOLOGY, TERM FOR THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF DIFFERENT SPECIES, WHICH ARE SOMETIMES CALLED SYMBIONTS. • A CLOSE, LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES. WHAT IS SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP?
• SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN SPECIES.
SOMETIMES BENEFICIAL, SOMETIMES HARMFUL, THESE RELATIONSHIPS ARE ESSENTIAL TO MANY ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS, AND THEY PROVIDE A BALANCE THAT CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVED BY WORKING TOGETHER. • SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE OBLIGATE OR FACULTATIVE. TYPES OF SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS 1. MUTUALISM • IT IS A RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH BOTH ORGANISMS ARE BENEFITED, SUCH THEY BECOME MUTUALLY DEPENDENT UPON EACH OTHER. • THE RELATIONSHIP CAN BE LONG OR SHORT TERM.
EX: PLANTS AND THEIR POLLINATION
-POLLINATORS FEED ON THE PLANTS AND POLLEN GETS STUCK TO THEM. -POLLEN IS DEPOSITED ON THE NEXT PLANT, ALLOWING THE PLANTS TO REPRODUCE SEXUALLY. 2. PARASITISM • IT IS A RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH THE PARASITE IS BENEFITED ,BUT THE HOST MAY BE HARM. • PARASITE FEEDS ON THE HOST ORGANISM. • UNLIKE PREDATION, IT DOES NOT RESULT IN THE IMMEDIATE DEATH OF THE HOST. EX: TAPEWORMS CAN LIVE IN HUMAN DIGESTIVE TRACT FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME THERE ARE 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARASITES: 1. ECTOPARASITES • EXTERNAL PARASITES – LIVE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE HOST • EX: TICKS, FLEAS, MOSQUITOES 2. ENDOPARASITES • INTERNAL PARASITES – LIVE INSIDE THE HOST’S BODY • EX: BACTERIA, PROTISTS, TAPEWORMS 3. COMMENSALISM
• IS A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP WHERE ONE
ORGANISM BENEFITS AND THE SECOND IS NEITHER HARMED NOR HELPED. • THE SYMBIONT BENEFITS BY RECEIVING TRANSPORTATION, HOUSING, AND/OR NUTRITION. EX: WHALES AND BARNACLES -BARNACLES HAVE THE BENEFIT OF MOVING THROUGH WATERS ATTACHED TO THE WHALE. -THE WHALE RECEIVES NO BENEFIT, BUT IS NOT HARMED EITHER. 4. COOPERATION • IT REFERS THE BENEFICIAL INTERACTION OF THE SAME KIND OF ORGANISMS. THE ORGANISMS, HOWEVER, DO NOT BECOME DEPENDENT ON ONE ANOTHER. EX: COLONY OF TERMITES -THE WORKER ARE SMALL AND STERILE ORGANISM WHICH ARE VERY ACTIVE IN PERFORMING TASKS. -THE SOLDIER HAVE BIG HEADS AND LONG SHARP JAWS WHOSE JOB IS TO PROTECT THE COLONY AGAINST ENEMY. -THE QUEEN, WHICH IS THE BIGGEST IS THE ONLY MEMBER CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING. 5. COMPETITION • THE USE OF THE SAME LIMITED RESOURCE BY • ORGANISMS MAY DEVELOP PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BECAUSE OF COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES. TWO OR MORE SPECIES IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME • CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT – EVOLUTION OF ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES THAT REDUCES • RESOURCE = ANYTHING NECESSITY OF LIFE COMPETITION. (WATER, NUTRIENTS, LIGHT, FOOD, OR SPACE) -HAPPENS MOST WHERE RANGES OF COMPETITORS OVERLAP. • COMPETITION MAY CAUSE THE DEVELOPMENT EX: DARWIN’S FINCHES OF DIFFERENT NICHES OR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. -SPECIES FOUND IN SEPARATE LOCATIONS HAVE THE SAME BEAK SIZE. • COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE -ALLOWS THEM TO FEED ON - NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY THE SAME DIFFERENT SEEDS AND REDUCES COMPETITION NICHE IN THE SAME HABITAT AT THE SAME TIME. • ORGANISMS MAY DEVELOP DIFFERENCES IN NICHES EX: PARAMECIA BECAUSE OF COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES. -TWO SPECIES OF PARAMECIA -RESOURCE PARTITIONING – SPECIES COEXIST WILL THRIVE SEPARATELY, BUT WHEN PUT BY USING ONLY PART OF THE AVAILABLE RESOURCES TOGETHER, ONE SPECIES IS ELIMINATED EX: SOME BIRDS EAT THE SAME INSECTS, BUT HUNT FOR THEM IN DIFFERENT PLACES. 6. PREDATION • PREDATION IS A RELATIONSHIP WHERE ONE • PREY DEFENSES ORGANISM CAPTURES AND CONSUMES MIMICRY – A DEFENSE WHERE ONE ANOTHER. ORGANISM RESEMBLES ANOTHER THAT IS DANGEROUS OR POISONOUS -PREDATOR – ORGANISM DOING THE THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MIMICRY: CAPTURING. BATESIAN MIMICRY- A HARMLESS ORGANISM -PREY – ORGANISM BEING CAPTURED. CLOSELY RESEMBLES A DANGEROUS ONE. - PREDATORS LEARN TO • A PREDATOR’S SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON ITS AVOID BOTH SPECIES. ABILITY TO CATCH ITS PREY. EX: KING SNAKE AND CORAL EX: RATTLESNAKE VENOM, SNAKE. SPIDER WEB, ETC. MULLERIAN MIMICRY- TWO HARMFUL ORGANISMS RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER • A PREY’S SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON ITS ABILITY - ADDED ADVANTAGE TO TO AVOID BEING CAUGHT. THEIR ALREADY HARMFUL ADAPTATIONS. - CAMOUFLAGE, MIMICRY, EX: BEES AND WASPS HAVE SIMILAR PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL DEFENSES STRIPING • PLANTS HAVE ALSO DEVELOPED ADAPTATIONS TO PROTECT THEM FROM PREDATORS. • PHYSICAL DEFENSES MAKE THEM DIFFICULT TO EAT. EX: SPINES, THORNS, TOUGH LEAVES • CAN PRODUCE SECONDARY COMPOUNDS • SECONDARY COMPOUNDS ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM PRODUCTS OF THE PLANT’S METABOLISM • USUALLY POISONOUS, IRRITATING, OR BAD- TASTING EX: POISION IVY AND POISON OAK