FEM L1 (A)

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
( BDA 4033 )
Lecture #01
Dr.S.Rasool Mohideen 1
Department of l Engineering Mechanics
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
SYLLABUS
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
• Introduction and history of FEM
• Basic steps in the Finite Element
Methods
• Direct Formulation
• Minimum Total Potential Energy
Formulation
• Weighted Residual formulations
Definition
The finite element method (FEM) is

• A computer-aided mathematical technique
• For obtaining approximate numerical
solutions
• to the abstract equations of calculus that
predict the response of physical systems
• subjected to external influences
-Burnett 1988.
SYLLABUS
 Introduction and history of FEM
• Basic steps in the Finite Element
Methods
Formulation
Basic Steps in Finite Element Method
1. Discretization (or representation) of
the given domain into a collection of
pre-selected finite elements.
a. Construct the finite element mesh of pre-
selected elements.
b. Number the nodes and elements.
c. Generate the geometric properties (e.g.,
coordinates and cross-sectional areas)
needed for the problem.
Basic Steps (Contd..)
2. Derivation of element equations for all typical
elements in the mesh.
a. Construct the variational formulation of the given
differential equation over the typical element.
b. Assume that a typical dependent variable u is of the
form
n
u   ui i
i 1
and substitute it into Step 2a to obtain element equations in
K u  F 
the form
e e e
a. Derive or select, if already available in the literature,

element interpolation functions I and compute the
element matrices.
3. Assembly of element equations to obtain the
equations of the whole problem.
a. Identify the inter element continuity conditions among

the primary variables (relationship between the local
degrees of freedom and the global degrees of freedom-
connectivity of elements) by relation element nodes to
global nodes.
b. Identify the “equilibrium” conditions among the
secondary variables (relationship between the local
source of force components and the globally specified
source components)
c. Assemble element equations using Steps 3a and 3b
4. Imposition of the boundary conditions of the

problem.
a. Identify the specified global primary degrees of freedom

b. Identify the specified global secondary degrees of
freedom (if not already done in Step 3b)
5. Solution of the assembled equations.
6. Post Processing of the results.
a. Compute the gradient of the solution or other desired

quantities from the primary degrees of freedom
computed in Step 5.
b. Represent the results in tabular and / or graphical form.
SYLLABUS
 Basic steps in the Finite Element
Methods
Formulation
Direct Formulation
• Force applied to a body produces
– Displacement, u
• The body try to resist the force, depending
upon its
– Stiffness, k
K
F u
F α u (or) F = k u
Direct Formulation (Contd..)
F
• In a cantilever beam shown, if a force F is
applied at the free end axially, then
• By Applying Hooke’s law,
 = Eε
F/A = E (u/L),
where u is the displacement
F= (AE/L)u
Hence , F = k u ,
where k = AE/L, is the stiffness
F
Consider a stepped cantilever bar subjected to
axial load as shown having CSAs as A1 & A2
1 2
F
FE model, as 2 bar elements

For a single bar element shown below,
Let the nodes be i and j, i j
The C.S. area is A,

Length be L and E is the Young’s Modulus
If the node ‘i’ is displaced by fixing ‘j’,
i j (FBD)
Force required to cause the displacement is given by
Fi =k ui
and the reactive force at ‘j’ is given as
Fj =-Fi =-k ui
Similarly , if ‘i’ is fixed and ‘j’ is given a displacement, the
force required and the reactive forces will be
Fj =k uj i j (FBD)
Fi =-Fj =-k uj
If in a bar element , if both the displacements exist, then
by super imposition, the force required is given as
Fi =k (ui – uj) and
Fj =k (-ui + uj)
In the matrix form

 Fi   k  k  ui 
F     u 
 j    k k  j 
[F] = [k] X [U] where k = AE/L
Direct Formulation (Contd..)- Stiffness Matrix
Let us write the stiffness matrix for the first element with CSA, A1
as  k1  k1  1 2
 k  1 2 3
F
 1
k1 and
For the second element with CSA, A2 as
 k 2  k 2  where k =A E /L and k =A E /L
 k  1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
 2
k2 
Then the force equation can be written as

 F1   k1  k1   u1  for element 1 and
F    k  u 
 2  1
k1  2 
F2   k 2  k 2  u2 
F     k  u for element 2
 3  2
k 2  3 
Direct Formulation (Contd..)- Assembly
Physical Assembly:
Step 0:
1 2 3
Nodes
Matrix assembly :
0 0 0  0  0 
0 0 0 0   0 
    

0 0 00 
 
0 

Global Matrix
Order = No. of nodes X No. of displacements= 3 X 3
Direct Formulation (Contd..)- Assembly
Step 1:
1
Physical Assembly: 1 2 3
Matrix assembly :
 k1  k1 0   u1   F1 
 k k1 0 u   F 
 1  2   2

 0 0 00   
0 
Step 2: Matrix assembly :

Physical Assembly:  k1  k1 0   u1   F1 
 k k1  k 2  k2  u   F 
 1  2  2
1 2 
 0  k2 k2 u3 
 
F3 
1 2 3
Direct Formulation (Contd..)- Apply BCs
1 2
1 2 3
F
In the given beam, u1=F1=F2=0

Substituting the values in the assembled equation
 k1  k1 0  0  0
 k k1  k 2  k2  u    0 
 1     2

 0  k2 k2 u3 
 
F3 

k1  k 2  k 2  u  0
 k       2
 2
k 2  u3  F3 
Solution:
Solving the above equation, the unknown displacements u2 and u3
can be found.
Direct Formulation (Contd..)- Post Processing
From the previous solution, the unknown displacements u2
and u3 are found.
To find the element stresses:
For the element 1,
the strain ε1= (u2- u1)/L1
Applying Hooke’s law, 1=E1 ε1=E1(u2- u1)/L1
Similarly for the element 2,
2=E2 ε2=E2(u3- u2)/L2
SYLLABUS
 Basic steps in the Finite Element
Methods
 Direct Formulation
Formulation
Problem 1
Find the unknown displacements and
elemental stresses for the bar shown
below ( A1=1200mm2 , A2=600mm2 and
E=200Gpa) :
10 kN
1m 1m
Problem 2
below ( A1=2400mm2 , A2=600mm2 ,
E1=70Gpa and E2=200Gpa) :
200 kN
300mm 400mm
Problem 3
below ( t=25mm, and E=200Gpa) :
150mm 100 kN
75mm
300mm 300mm

FEM L1 (A)

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

The finite element method (FEM) is

and substitute it into Step 2a to obtain element equations in

a. Derive or select, if already available in the literature,

a. Identify the inter element continuity conditions among

4. Imposition of the boundary conditions of the

a. Identify the specified global primary degrees of freedom

5. Solution of the assembled equations.

6. Post Processing of the results.

a. Compute the gradient of the solution or other desired

FE model, as 2 bar elements

The C.S. area is A,

In the matrix form

[F] = [k] X [U] where k = AE/L

Then the force equation can be written as

Step 2: Matrix assembly :

In the given beam, u1=F1=F2=0

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