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WHAT DAY IS IT TODAY?

WHY IS THIS DAY IMPORTANT?


THE LAST CLASS

THE END OF GEJ1

Almost brings tears to my eyes…


TODAY’S CLASS
• CRASH COURSE ON NPs (continued)
– GENDER
– CASE
• OVERVIEW OF THE FINAL EXAM
• TIPS FOR THE FINAL EXAM
• GIFT:
– WORKBOOK FOR THE NEXT SEMESTER
• YOUR FEEDBACK
• GOODLUCKS AND GOODBYES
CRASH
COURSE ON
NPs – part 2
GENDER
GENDER IN ENGLISH?
Brad Pitt
I love my new black Chevy
Camaro SS

______ is awesome.
Angelina Jolie
I love my new red Jaguar

______ is awesome.
Gender
“The grammatical category of gender applies in the first instance to a system
of noun classes differentiated by the agreement patterns they enter with
associates words.”
(Huddleston and Pullum, A Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, p.
484)

“By gender is meant a grammatical classification of nouns, pronouns, or


other words in the noun phrase, according to certain meaning-related
distinctions, especially a distinction related to the sex of the referent.”
(Quirk et alii, Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, chapter 5, p.
314)

Gender is “a grammatical category found in certain languages by which nouns


are divided into two or more classes requiring different agreement forms on
determiners, adjectives, verbs or other words.”
(Trask, A Dictionary of grammatical terms in Linguistics, London, p. 115)
In English, gender is BIOLOGICAL.

In some other languages, gender is


GRAMMATICAL (e.g. in Serbian,
“девојчурак” is masculine).
3 MAIN GENDER CLASSES IN ENGLISH:

1) personal: male, female, “dual gender”


2) non-personal: common, collective, animals
3) Inanimate

This classification is based on the following natural features:


±human
±animate
+feminine or +masculine

One last question: how do we determine the gender of a


noun?
BY PRONOUN SUBSTITUION,
This actor is smart. > He is smart.
This actress is smart. > She is smart.
CASE
NOT THIS CASE:
THIS CASE:
SCOTT PILGRIM vs. 7 EVIL EXES

EVIL EX: Hey, look birds, we have unfinished business, I
and he.
SCOTT: He and me.
EVIL EX: Hey, don’t you talk to me about grammar!
SCOTT: I dislike you, capish?

WHO IS RIGHT? SCOTT OR ONE OF THE 7 EVIL EXES?
ACTUALLY, IT’S THE EVIL EX WHO IS RIGHT.
THE THING THAT IS WRONG HERE IS SCOTT’S DECISION
TO USE THE DATIVE PRONOUN “ME” IN THE POSITION
WHERE THE NOMINATIVE FORM “I” IS REQUIRED.
I and John are leaving. OR Me and John are leaving. ???
WHAT IS CASE?
Case is a nominal category.

Intuitively, we could say that the term case applies


in the first instance to a system of inflectional
forms of a noun to mark the (syntactic?) function
of a NP relative to the construction containing it.

Alternatively, we could say that case is a


grammatical category that can express a number
of different relationships between nominal
elements.
WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS
EXPRESSED BY THE CATEGORY OF CASE?

[NP[Cthulhu]’s destruction of [South Park]] = NP


Katuluovo razaranje Saut Parka
Cthulhu = the one who destroys (agent/doer)
South Park = the thing being destroyed (theme/affected)
WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS
EXPRESSED BY THE CATEGORY OF CASE?

[The boy in the red sweater] gave [the boy wearing the orange suit]
[a smack on the face] with a pan.
The boy in the red sweater = the one who smacks (agent/doer)
the boy wearing the orange suit = the person being smacked
(theme/affected)
a smack on the face = the effect of the activity (result/effected)
He gave him a smack on the face with a pan.
LET’S TURN OUR GREY CELLS ON!

SO, WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS


EXPRESSED BY THE NOMINAL
CATEGORY OF CASE?
CASE: primary function
• The nominal category of case expresses the
SEMANTIC ROLES of noun phrases.
• Noun phrases bear semantic roles both when
they are INDEPENDENT (e.g. S, O, C) and when
they are DEPENDENT (inside other phrases).
• DIGRESSION: The NP, unlike any other phrase,
can express the meaning of a whole sentence:
Cthulu’s destruction of South Park
= Cthulu destroyed South Park.
CASES IN ENGLISH?
Sg Pl Sg Pl
(German) (German) (English) (English)

Nominative Das Haus Die Häuser The house The houses

Genitive Des Hauses Der Häuser The house’s The houses’

Dative Dem Den The house The houses


Haus(e) Häusern

Accusative Das Haus Die Häuser The house The houses


CASE FORMS IN ENGLISH
English is said to have a TWO-CASE SYSTEM, but WITH
THREE CASES:

PARADOXICAL?

1. Plain/Common Case → a) Nominative/Subjective Case


→ b) Accusative/Objective Case
2. Genitive Case

Example: I slept soundly. → NP = Nom./Subj.


Please help me. → NP = Acc./Obj.
Where is my bag? → NP = Gen./inside a larger NP
Common Case
Nominative vs. Accusative
In Present-day English the contrast between nominative and accusative case
is found only with a handful of pronouns:

Nominative Accusative
Personal : I Me
We Us
He Him
She Her
They Them

Interrogative : Who Whom


CASE FORMS OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH
• The actual number of nominal case forms in
English depends largely on whether you
WRITE the forms or you PRONOUNCE the
forms.

• The genitive inflection is phonologically


identical with the regular plural inflection, so
the case distinction is neutralized in the plural
of the vast majority of nouns in English.
CASE FORMS IN ENGLISH
• Orthographically, i.e. in writing, a FOURFOLD
CASE DISTINCTION always obtains:
• One cow’s tail.
• All the cows’ tails.
• With irregular nouns, a FOURFOLD CASE
DISTINCTION is also usually obtained in both
WRITING and SPEECH.
GENITIVE INFLECTION
• Considering that the COMMON CASE SUFFIX is
ZERO, the ONLY PRONOUNCABLE CASE SUFFIX
IN ENGLISH is actually the GENITIVE
INFLECTION.
• The genitive inflection in English has TWO
different forms DEPENDING ON THE NOMINAL
BASE:
– ‘s > boy’s, men’s, Peter’s
– ‘ > boys’, the Smiths’, Socrates’
GENITIVE INFLECTION
• The genitive inflection, just like the plural inflection –s,
has THREE PHONOLOGICALLY CONDITIONED
ALLOMORPHIC REALIZATIONS:
• /S/ e.g. DOG’S
• /Z/ e.g. DUCK’S
• /IZ/ e.g. JUDGE’S
• However, when the genitive inflection is written as the
apostrophe only, it can also be silent, i.e. not
pronounced, which is called ZERO GENITIVE.
• Zero genitive is common WITH NAMES ENDING IN /Z/,
especially foreign names:
– Socrates’ /-ti:z/ doctrines
– Moses’ /-ziz/ laws
– BUT: Dickens’ novels /dikinz/ or /dikinziz/
– NOTE: the zero genitive also appears in some expressions
such as for goodness’ sake.
GENITIVE INFLECTION: realizations
GENITIVE INFLECTION
• However, the genitive inflection is unique in
one particular aspect.
– [Morten]’s microphone
– [the King]’s microphone (King = Elvis)
– [the King of pop music]’s microphone
NOTE: * the King’s of pop music microphone
The genitive suffix is NOT ADDED TO NOUNS, it is
ADDED TO NOUN PHRASES.
GENITIVE INFLECTION
• When the genitive inflection is added to a noun phrase
with postmodification, it is called GROUP GENITIVE or
PHRASAL GENITIVE.
– [the chief of staff]’s office
– [the chiefs of staff]’s debriefing
– [the teacher of music]’s room
– [somebody else]’s fault
NOTE THAT THE GENITIVE SUFFIX IS ADDED TO THE LEFT EDGE
OF THE PHRASE REGARDLESS WHETHER IT ENDS IN A NOUN OR
SOME OTHER PART OF SPEECH.
– [the man opposite me]’s facial expression [PRON.]
– [the man in black]’s face [ADJ]
– [a man I know]’s coat [V]
– [the man I talked about]’s book [P]
– [the man I saw yesterday]’s hat [ADV]
GENITIVE INFLECTION
• However, the group genitive is avoided WHEN THE
POSTMODIFICATION IS LESS INSTITUTIONALIZED,
especially in FORMAL CONTEXTS.
– ??? [the man in the dark suit]’s name
– OK: the name of [the man in the dark suit]
– [the King of pop music]’s microphone
WHAT DOES THIS ACTUALLY MEAN?
SOMETHING YOU ALREADY KNOW!
The genitive case is NOT NECESSARILY REALIZED BY THE
GENITIVE SUFFIX ‘S / ‘, it is SOMETIMES RELIZED BY THE
PREPOSITIONAL OF-GENITIVE.
‘S / ‘ GENITIVE IS CALLED THE SAXON GENITIVE.
OF-GENITIVE IS CALLED THE NOMAN GENITIVE.
GENITIVE MARKERS: ‘S vs. OF
• The Saxon genitive and the Norman genitive are
USUALLY INTERCHANGEABLE, BUT THIS IS NOT A
GENERAL RULE.
– [the yacht]’s name
– the name of [the yacht]
– [John]’s house
– * the house of [John]
– the front of [the car]
– * [the car]’s front
THE CHOICE OF USING EITHER OF-GENITIVE, ‘S
GENITIVE OR BOTH DEPENDS ON THE MEANING OF
THE HEAD NOUN (I.E. SEMANTIC PROPERTIES/CLASS
OF THE HEAD)
GENITIVE MARKERS: ‘S vs. OF
GENITIVE FUNCTIONS IN NPs
THE GENITIVE CASE - Syntactic Point of View

A NOUN PHRASE IN THE GENITIVE CASE PRECEDES THE HEAD NOUN OF A NP AND IS
THEREFORE PART OF THE PREMODIFICATION OF THE HEAD NOUN.

THERE ARE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS THAT THE PREMODIFYING GENITIVE CASE NOUN
CAN PERFORM:

DETERMINER FUNCTION: Tom’s car (compare: *the Tom’s car)


In this function, the genitive functions just like POSSESIVE DETERMINERS (my, your,
her, etc.)

MODIFIER FUNCTION: a pink girl’s car (compare: * pink girl’s car)


In this function, the genitive functions just like ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS.
GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICS
THE DETERMINER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS:

Possessive Genitive:
Example: Mr Johnson’s passport → Mr Johnson has a passport
the earth’s gravity → the earth has a certain gravity
Subjective Genitive:
Example: the boy’s application → the boy applied for (…)
her parents’ consent → the parents consented
Objective Genitive:
Example: the city’s destruction→ (…) destroyed the city
the boy’s release → released the boy
Genitive of Origin:
Example: the girl’s story → the girl told a story
the general’s letter → the general wrote a letter
Genitive of Attribute:
Example: the victim’s courage → the victim had courage/was courageous
Partitive Genitive:
Example: the baby’s eyes → the baby has (blue) eyes
the earth’s surface → the earth has a (rough) surface
GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICS
THE MODIFIER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS:

Descriptive Genitive:
Example: a women’s college → a college for women
a summer’s day → a summer day, a day in the summer

Genitive of Measure:
Example: ten day’s absence → the absence lasted ten days
EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS…

GENITIVE FUNCTIONS:
THERE’S ANOTHER ONE
INDEPENDENT GENITIVE
INDEPENDENT GENITIVE
EXERCISES ON CASE
Ex. 20, Ex. 21, Ex. 22 & Ex. 23
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
determiner gen. / subjective or objective gen.
determiner gen. / gen. of attribute
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
modifier gen. / gen. of measure BOTH:
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
1: determiner gen. / possessive gen.
2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / objective gen.
modifier gen. / gen. of measure
1: determiner gen. / partitive gen.
2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / objective gen.
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
1: determiner gen. / possessive gen.
2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
lažni raj

lavovski (najveći) deo


i dobro i loše

usta razdeljka
centar mete / u sred srede
my sister-in-law’s house (possessive gen.)

a women’s club (descriptive gen.)


a stewardess’s job (descriptive gen.)

a girl’s school (descritpive gen.)


Doris’s hat (possessive gen.)
a three hour’s delay (gen. of measure)

the tree’s shade (possessive gen.) / the shade of the tree


the earth’s surface (possessive gen.) / the surface of the earth

Kate’s shade (gen. of origin)


the world’s problems (possessive gen.)
The name of the woman wearing
the silly hat
Europe’s art treasures (possessive gen.)
Socrates’ student (descriptive gen.)
One of my aunt’s many paintings
(possessive gen.)
the result of the baseball match

John’s parents’ house

the town’s only cinema


the wife of the man talking to Mary

last week’s storm


outside of the house

today’s newspapers

the company’s new manager


the building’s first floor / the first floor of the
building
Britain’s specialists
Tom and Jane’s children
Tom’s child and Jane’s child
EXAM
WHAT CAN YOU EXPECT IN THE
EXAM?
THE LAST PART OF THE LAST CLASS
GEJ1 EXAM
• DATE: 23.1.2013.
• DAY: WEDNESDAY, i.e. WEDNESDAY NEXT WEEK
• TIME: 15:00
• DURATION: 1:30
• LOCATION: 25/I and 26/I
• RELEVANT CHAPTERS IN THE WORKBOOK:
– Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Grammar
– Chapter 2: Verbs and the VP
– Chapter 3: Nouns, Pronouns and the NP
ORGANIZATIONAL STUFF
• Due to the fact that the faculty is spatially
challenged, your exam coincides with THREE
OTHER EXAMS:
– GEJ2
– IEJ
– TIPSET
• Why is that important?
• REASON 1: Checking the roll sheet and seating
everybody in their positions may take 15 minutes
or more, so try to be in front of the classrooms
15 minutes earlier.
ORGANIZATIONAL STUFF
• REASON 2: You may end up sitting between
students from previous generations, which means
that there will be a tight squeeze and there won’t
be enough room for pencil bags, cell phones,
notepads, lucky charms, amulets, rabbits’ feet,
horseshoes, etc.
• In other words, the only things allowed on the
desk are:
– pens (a reasonable number of)
– pencils (a reasonable number of)
– erasers (one)
– correction fluid OR correction roller (one)
WORKBOOK
PAGE 180
MAIN FEATURE OF THE TEST:
THERE ARE SOME NUMBERS AT THE END OF EACH SET OF INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Identify the word class (Noun, Verb, AUXiliary, ADJective, ADVerb,
PRONoun, PREPosition, CONJunction, DETerminer) of the underlined
items in the following: [6 pts, min.2]

WHAT DO THESE NUMBERS MEAN?


X pts.: the maximum number of points that you
can possibly score in that particular task
min. Y: the minimal number of points that you
must score in that particular task
MAIN FEATURE OF THE TEST:
(continued)
WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON’T SCORE A MINIMUM
NUMBER OF POINTS IN A TASK?
•depends on the number of minimum points:
–if the number of points below the minimum is
smaller than TWO (2):
•THE NUMBER OF POINTS BELOW THE MINIMUM IS
DEDUCTED FROM YOUR FINAL SCORE
•E.G. IF YOUR FINAL SCORE IS 82 POINTS, BUT YOU
FAILED TO SCORE A MINIMUM BY 2 POINTS IN A TASK,
YOUR FINAL SCORE IS ACTUALLY 82-2=80
–if the number of points below the minimum is
bigger than TWO (2):
•YOU FAIL THE EXAM 
MAIN FEATURE OF THE TEST:
(continued)
WHY DO YOU HAVE THIS SYSTEM IN PLACE?
In order to make sure that you know ALL the
topics covered by the course.
A FRIENDLY WORD OF ADVICE:
DO ALL THE TASKS! I.e. you must do all the
tasks!
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
1. Identify the word class (Noun, Verb, AUXiliary, ADJective, ADVerb,
PRONoun, PREPosition, CONJunction, DETerminer) of the underlined
items in the following: [6 pts, min.2]

a) What is the restaurant like? PREP


_________

b) Although he studied hard, he didn’t pass the exam. CONJ


_________

c) We’ll have to finish the job, however long it takes. ADV


_________

d) No, thank you. I’ve had more than enough. PRON


_________

e) I’ll give you double the price. DET


_________

f) Friendly as she was, she offered help. ADJ


_________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
2. Supply the past tense and the past participle of the following verbs:
[3pts, min.1]

a) RAISED , __________
raise ___________ RAISED

b) ROSE , __________
rise ____________ RISEN

c) SPREAD , __________
spread __________ SPREAD

d) KNELT
kneel _____________, KNELT
_____________

e) withdraw WITHDREW WITHDRAWN


__________ , _____________

f) FROZE
freeze _____________ FROZEN
, _____________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
3. Underline the VPs in the following sentence, determine their type (according to
structure, finiteness) and identify the verbal categories (tense, mood, aspect,
voice, modality) expressed in each: [3pts, min.1]
a) By the end of the year, he will have been working in the company for 15 years.
finite, complex; T: present, A:perf. prog. M:ind. V: active Mod: +
VP1:_________________________________________________________

b) His physical condition seems to have been affected by the accident.


finite, simple; T: present, A:non-perf. non-prog. M:ind. V: active Mod: -
VP1:_________________________________________________________

non-finite, complex; T: - , A:perf. non-prog. M:- V: passive Mod: -


VP2: _________________________________________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
4. Supply the plural forms of the following nouns: [5 pts, min.2]

MEN-OF-LETTERS
a) man-of-letters _____________________ LIBRETTOS / LIBRETTI
f) libretto _________________________
BELIEFS
b) belief ____________________________ CHASSIS
g) chassis _________________________
LICE
c) louse ____________________________ COURTS MARTIAL
h) court martial ____________________
SERIES
d) series ____________________________ CRITERIA
i) criterion ________________________
DILEMMAS
e) dilemma __________________________ TAKE-OFFS
j) take-off ________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
5. Insert a/ an/ the/ zero where necessary. Put a cross (X) for zero:
[6 pts, min.3]

a) Can you go by _________


/ train to _________
THE Indian Ocean or to
_______Himalayas?
THE
b) Celia is sure she’s seen _________
A UFO _________
THE other day.
/
c) ________ THE
exercise is good for __________ body.
d) We can’t be sure about the history of _________
THE human race, but
/
_________ man developed earlier than we think, although we
weren’t there at the time of ________
THE dinosaurs.
e) This is the front room. _________
THE floor is in good order, so we will
probably cover it with _________
A carpet.
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
6. Supply the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets: [5 pts, min.2]

I (1 be) very sorry to hear about your mother's illness, and (2 be) glad that
you (3 go) to Scotland to see how she is. It will be nice for her to see you.
Of course I will look after Tim. We thoroughly (4 enjoy) having him last year
and my dog missed him after he (5 leave) and (6 look) for him everywhere.
Will you bring him on Tuesday afternoon? Or, if that (7 not suit) you, any time
on Wednesday. (8 not bother) to bring dog food; I have plenty. I hope you will
have time to have tea with me when you (9 bring) Tim, and that by then you
(10 have) better news of your mother.
Love, Jane
am
1.______________ am
2. ______________ are going
3. ______________
enjoyed
4. ______________ had left
5. ______________ looked
6. ______________
doesn’t suit
7. ______________ Don’t bother
8. ______________ bring
9. ______________
10. will have (had)
______________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
7. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice: [6 pts, min.3]
a) Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before.
I have never been spoken to like that before.
__________________________________________________________

b) People will laugh at you if you wear that silly hat.


You will be laughed at if you wear that silly hat.
__________________________________________________________

c) Her sudden arrival must have shocked him.


He must have been shocked by her sudden arrival.
__________________________________________________________

d) Are they renovating the city library?


Is the city library being renovated?
______________________________________________________________

e) The police say that the suspects were working undercover at the time. (two possibilities)

It is said that the suspects were working undercover at the time.


_____________________________________________________________________

The suspects are said to have been working undercover at the time.
_____________________________________________________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
8. Complete the sentences using a suitable modal
construction: [6 pts, min.3]
a) My brother wasn’t in London last month, so you
______________________
couldn’t have seen (see) him there.
b) I usually _________________
can’t get (get) a seat on the bus in the
morning so I have to stand, but this morning I
_________________
was able to get (get) one.
needn’t have turned off (turn off) the TV. It wasn’t
c) You ___________________
disturbing me. Maybe not, but it was disturbing me, and I
___________________
must finish (finish) this paper by tomorrow
morning or I will be in trouble.
d) You __________________________
shouldn’t have left (leave) your dog locked
up in the bathroom. No wonder it made such a mess!
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
9. Identify the sentence elements (use underline or [square
brackets]) and label their functions (S, V, O, C, A). Put the
optional sentence elements in brackets. [5 pts, min.2]
Example: The fire died out during the night / [The fire] [died
out] [during the night]. S V (A)

a) After having taken all the lessons, the candidates were eager
to take the driving test. (A) S V Cs
b) The members of the committee couldn’t decide how to
define their strategy in the future. S V Od
c) The manager gave whoever asked a week off. S V Oi Od
d) Her French teacher finds her surname too difficult to
pronounce. S V Od Co
e) My friend from Canada lived in Vancouver for ten years.
S V A (A)
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
10. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means
exactly the same as the sentence printed before it: [5 pts, min.2]

a) It would be nice to be on a beach now instead of an office.


we were on a beach now.
Imagine ________________________________________________
b) I’m sorry I didn’t work hard enough.
I had studied harder.
If only __________________________________________________
c) Regrettably, I had to tell everyone the truth about his past.
I wish __________________________________________________
I had not had to tell (had not told)everyone the truth about his past.
d) Start doing your homework, you don’t have much time!
you started doing your homework!
It’s high time _____________________________________________
e) There’s no need for you to drive me, just call a taxi, please.
you just called / would call a taxi.
I’d rather ________________________________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
11. Underline and analyse the structure and the syntactic functions of all the
NPs in the following sentences: [6pts, min.3]

a) His arrogant attitude at the meeting made everybody present very angry.
NP1 _______________________
F: S NP2 _______________________
F: Od
___________________________
S: Cent. + Adj. + Head + PP ___________________________
S: Head + Adj.

b) The girl working in the library showed me all the books I asked for.
NP1 _______________________
F: S NP2 _______________________
F: Oi NP3 F: Od
___________________________
S: Cent. + Head + Clause (non-finite) ___________________________
S: Head S: Pre. + Cent. + Head +Clause
(finite)
c) A lot of seats have already been taken by the students of linguistics.
F: S
NP1 _______________________ NP2 _______________________
F: C.O.P
S: Post (quantifier) + Head
___________________________ S: Cent. + Head + PP
___________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
12. Choose the correct form(s): [5 pts, min.2]

a) There has been fewer / less / lesser demand for videos


this year than last year.
b) It is a fifty-kilometre / fifty kilometers / fifty kilometers’
tunnel.
c) We do not hear much / many / a lot of news about Africa
these days.
d) Each bag / baggage / luggage was examined at the desk.
e) How many / How much cattle was / were grazing on the
field?
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
13. Use the appropriate pronoun: [5 pts, min.2]

a) The committee has reached __________


ITS
decision.
b) The people with ____________
WHOM I am working are
extremely friendly.
c) One must look after ______________.
ONESELF
d) Nobody called me, did __________?
THEY
e) If _________________
SOMEBODY / ANYBODY needs help, they can ask
me. SOMEONE/ ANYONE
GIFT
YOU CAN GET THE WORKBOOK FOR
THE NEXT SEMESTER AT RAŠA’S
PHOTOCOPYING PARLOUR.

MAKE SURE YOU HAVE IT READY FOR


THE NEXT CLASS (MID-FEBRUARY).
YOUR FEEDBACK
AND/OR QUESTIONS,
PLEASE!
ABOUT THE COURSE
GOODBYES AND GOODLUCKS
• I wish you a lot of success and a lot of luck in
your upcoming exams!
• May you pass with flying colors!
• If important questions crop up, unfortunately
there are no office hours during the exam
term.
• However, feel free to send an email if you
cannot resolve a very urgent problem:
sasa.kavgic@gmail.com AND olgapk@sbb.rs
THE END
GEJ1 IS NO MORE.
THE LAST PRACTICE CLASS
EXERCISES
ON FORM
AND
FUNCTION
WORKBOOK

PAGE 82
THE MOST IMPORTANT
EXERCISES FOR THE FINAL EXAM
TASKS 1 and 2
TASK 1: a, b, c (page 82)
?NP2=CoP (Complement of Preposition)
BUT WE WON’T ANALYZE IT BECAUSE IT IS TOO
NP1=S DEEPLY EMBEDDED
Pre. Cent.

NP1=S NP2=Od PP
Cent. Adj.

NP1=S clause (finite)


Pre. Cent..
TASK 1: d, e, f (page 82)
NP1=S clause (non-finite) NP2=CoP
Cent.

NP1=S Pre. NP2=Od PP NP3=CoP


Cent. Pre. Cent.

NP1=Cs PP
Post. Post..

NP1=Cs OR NP2=CoP
Post. Post.. Cent. Post. Adv.
TASK 1: g, h, i
NP1=S NP2=A
Pre. Cent. Post. Adj. Cent. Post.

NP1=S NP2=Cs
Pre. Cent. Post.
Pre. Cent.

NP1=S PP1 PP2


Cent.
TASK 1: j, k, l
NP1=S PP (ellipted finite clause) NP2=Od ?NP3=(A)
Cent.

NP1=S NP2=Od
Cent. Post. Adj.

NP1=Cs NP2=S
Pre. Cent.. Adj.
TASK 1: m, n, o
NP1=S NP2=Od NP2=Od
Pre. Cent. Adj. Adv. Adj. Cent.

NP2=Od
NP1=S
Cent. Adj. Adj.

clause (finite) NP2=CoP


NP1=S
Post.
(ordinal)
TASK 1: p

NP1=S clause (non-finite) NP2=Od


Post.
Cent.
(cardinal)
NP4=(A)
NP1=S NP2=Oi NP3=Od
NP1=S NP2=Cs
NP1=S
NP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=CoP
NP1=S
NP2=CoP
NP1=S
NP2=Od
NP1=S NP3=(A)
NP2=Cs
NP1=S NP2=Od NP3=Co

NP1=S NP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=A
NP1=S

NP1=S NP2=Cs

NP1=S
NP2=Cs
NP1=S NP2=Od
NOW LET’S DEAL WITH THE REST
OF THE EXERCISES
…LET’S CONTINUE FROM WHERE
WE STOPPED LAST WEEK.
11. Choose the correct (singular or plural) form:
a) The shorts you bought doesn’t / don’t fit me.
b) The police wants / want to interview Fred about the
robbery.
c) England has / have lost all their matches this season.
d) Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn’t / aren’t sharp
enough.
e) Gymnastics is / are my favorite sport.
f) Fortunately, the news wasn’t / weren’t as bad as we
expected.
g) A bicycle is a / some means of transport.
h) You old folk doesn’t / don’t know anything about us.
11. Choose the correct (singular or plural) form:
i) Mumps is / are an unpleasant ailment.
j) Ours is / are a great people.
k) How much / many cattle was / were grazing on
the hillside?
l) The archives of this company are / is kept in the
basement.
m) The audience was / were applauding.
n) The outskirts of the town are / is dull
o) Bad news don’t / doesn’t make people happy.
ARE

HAVE/H
AS
ARE

IS

WERE
ARE

IS
is
show is

are

own
are is
are

spend

are

are favor
OASES VIDEOS

STILL-LIFES WOMEN
DOCTORS
MEMORANDUMS PLAICE
MEMORANDA
BELIEFS GRANTS-IN-AID
CHASSIS TABLEAUS
TABLEAUX
SCARFS / SCARVES HOOFS
HOOVES
CACTUSES/ CACTI APPENDIXES/
APPENDICES
Crises can occur in best regulated families.

I bought beautiful silk scarfs/scarves and linen handkerchiefs/handkerchieves.

I need hundreds of pins.

I met some Swiss staying at the Ritz hotels.


I can see salmon in the water.

My brothers want stories about spacecraft.

Those bacteria cause diseases.

Other criteria are needed in analyzing these phenomena.


Many peoples live on this island.

We had such great weather on our holiday.

There is heavy traffic on the road to Belgrade.

Each piece of our luggage / each bag was …

I need accommodation. Do you know…


Ex. 18 and Ex. 19

GENDER
lioness ram

widower nun

heroine bachelorette /
spinster
stallion usherette
tomcat (bride)groom
duchess goose
saleswoman he-goat
heiress Sir
WHO HE / SHE

HIM
WHICH
ITS
WHO THEIR

WHO
THEIR
WHICH
ITS
WHO
THEIR
THEY

THEIR
Ex. 25 and Ex. 26

PRONOUNS
YOU/ONE YOUR/ONE’S
ONE’S
ONESELF
THEM
THEY
SHE
ONESELF
THEY
HER WHICH HERSELF
/THAT
ITS
MYSELF
ONE / SOME

HERSELF
EACH
ANY
THEMSELVES
MYSELF
IT
NOBODY ANYTHING

THEMSELVES
HERSELF
EACH OTHER
ITSELF
YOU
ANYBODY THEY
ONE, TWO, …
ANOTHER ; MANY/MORE ; TWO/…/ELEVEN
WHAT
WE
which/that/ø
whom
wh0/whom
wh0/whom
which
which
which

who
who/whom
when/that/ø
which/that/ø
who/that
what/that/ø
THE END
(of the presentation,
class and course)

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