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______ is awesome.
Angelina Jolie
I love my new red Jaguar
______ is awesome.
Gender
“The grammatical category of gender applies in the first instance to a system
of noun classes differentiated by the agreement patterns they enter with
associates words.”
(Huddleston and Pullum, A Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, p.
484)
[The boy in the red sweater] gave [the boy wearing the orange suit]
[a smack on the face] with a pan.
The boy in the red sweater = the one who smacks (agent/doer)
the boy wearing the orange suit = the person being smacked
(theme/affected)
a smack on the face = the effect of the activity (result/effected)
He gave him a smack on the face with a pan.
LET’S TURN OUR GREY CELLS ON!
PARADOXICAL?
Nominative Accusative
Personal : I Me
We Us
He Him
She Her
They Them
A NOUN PHRASE IN THE GENITIVE CASE PRECEDES THE HEAD NOUN OF A NP AND IS
THEREFORE PART OF THE PREMODIFICATION OF THE HEAD NOUN.
THERE ARE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS THAT THE PREMODIFYING GENITIVE CASE NOUN
CAN PERFORM:
Possessive Genitive:
Example: Mr Johnson’s passport → Mr Johnson has a passport
the earth’s gravity → the earth has a certain gravity
Subjective Genitive:
Example: the boy’s application → the boy applied for (…)
her parents’ consent → the parents consented
Objective Genitive:
Example: the city’s destruction→ (…) destroyed the city
the boy’s release → released the boy
Genitive of Origin:
Example: the girl’s story → the girl told a story
the general’s letter → the general wrote a letter
Genitive of Attribute:
Example: the victim’s courage → the victim had courage/was courageous
Partitive Genitive:
Example: the baby’s eyes → the baby has (blue) eyes
the earth’s surface → the earth has a (rough) surface
GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICS
THE MODIFIER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS:
Descriptive Genitive:
Example: a women’s college → a college for women
a summer’s day → a summer day, a day in the summer
Genitive of Measure:
Example: ten day’s absence → the absence lasted ten days
EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS…
GENITIVE FUNCTIONS:
THERE’S ANOTHER ONE
INDEPENDENT GENITIVE
INDEPENDENT GENITIVE
EXERCISES ON CASE
Ex. 20, Ex. 21, Ex. 22 & Ex. 23
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
determiner gen. / subjective or objective gen.
determiner gen. / gen. of attribute
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / possessive gen.
modifier gen. / gen. of measure BOTH:
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
1: determiner gen. / possessive gen.
2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / objective gen.
modifier gen. / gen. of measure
1: determiner gen. / partitive gen.
2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
determiner gen. / objective gen.
modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
1: determiner gen. / possessive gen.
2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.
lažni raj
usta razdeljka
centar mete / u sred srede
my sister-in-law’s house (possessive gen.)
today’s newspapers
a) RAISED , __________
raise ___________ RAISED
b) ROSE , __________
rise ____________ RISEN
c) SPREAD , __________
spread __________ SPREAD
d) KNELT
kneel _____________, KNELT
_____________
f) FROZE
freeze _____________ FROZEN
, _____________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
3. Underline the VPs in the following sentence, determine their type (according to
structure, finiteness) and identify the verbal categories (tense, mood, aspect,
voice, modality) expressed in each: [3pts, min.1]
a) By the end of the year, he will have been working in the company for 15 years.
finite, complex; T: present, A:perf. prog. M:ind. V: active Mod: +
VP1:_________________________________________________________
MEN-OF-LETTERS
a) man-of-letters _____________________ LIBRETTOS / LIBRETTI
f) libretto _________________________
BELIEFS
b) belief ____________________________ CHASSIS
g) chassis _________________________
LICE
c) louse ____________________________ COURTS MARTIAL
h) court martial ____________________
SERIES
d) series ____________________________ CRITERIA
i) criterion ________________________
DILEMMAS
e) dilemma __________________________ TAKE-OFFS
j) take-off ________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
5. Insert a/ an/ the/ zero where necessary. Put a cross (X) for zero:
[6 pts, min.3]
I (1 be) very sorry to hear about your mother's illness, and (2 be) glad that
you (3 go) to Scotland to see how she is. It will be nice for her to see you.
Of course I will look after Tim. We thoroughly (4 enjoy) having him last year
and my dog missed him after he (5 leave) and (6 look) for him everywhere.
Will you bring him on Tuesday afternoon? Or, if that (7 not suit) you, any time
on Wednesday. (8 not bother) to bring dog food; I have plenty. I hope you will
have time to have tea with me when you (9 bring) Tim, and that by then you
(10 have) better news of your mother.
Love, Jane
am
1.______________ am
2. ______________ are going
3. ______________
enjoyed
4. ______________ had left
5. ______________ looked
6. ______________
doesn’t suit
7. ______________ Don’t bother
8. ______________ bring
9. ______________
10. will have (had)
______________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
7. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice: [6 pts, min.3]
a) Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before.
I have never been spoken to like that before.
__________________________________________________________
e) The police say that the suspects were working undercover at the time. (two possibilities)
The suspects are said to have been working undercover at the time.
_____________________________________________________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
8. Complete the sentences using a suitable modal
construction: [6 pts, min.3]
a) My brother wasn’t in London last month, so you
______________________
couldn’t have seen (see) him there.
b) I usually _________________
can’t get (get) a seat on the bus in the
morning so I have to stand, but this morning I
_________________
was able to get (get) one.
needn’t have turned off (turn off) the TV. It wasn’t
c) You ___________________
disturbing me. Maybe not, but it was disturbing me, and I
___________________
must finish (finish) this paper by tomorrow
morning or I will be in trouble.
d) You __________________________
shouldn’t have left (leave) your dog locked
up in the bathroom. No wonder it made such a mess!
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
9. Identify the sentence elements (use underline or [square
brackets]) and label their functions (S, V, O, C, A). Put the
optional sentence elements in brackets. [5 pts, min.2]
Example: The fire died out during the night / [The fire] [died
out] [during the night]. S V (A)
a) After having taken all the lessons, the candidates were eager
to take the driving test. (A) S V Cs
b) The members of the committee couldn’t decide how to
define their strategy in the future. S V Od
c) The manager gave whoever asked a week off. S V Oi Od
d) Her French teacher finds her surname too difficult to
pronounce. S V Od Co
e) My friend from Canada lived in Vancouver for ten years.
S V A (A)
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
10. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means
exactly the same as the sentence printed before it: [5 pts, min.2]
a) His arrogant attitude at the meeting made everybody present very angry.
NP1 _______________________
F: S NP2 _______________________
F: Od
___________________________
S: Cent. + Adj. + Head + PP ___________________________
S: Head + Adj.
b) The girl working in the library showed me all the books I asked for.
NP1 _______________________
F: S NP2 _______________________
F: Oi NP3 F: Od
___________________________
S: Cent. + Head + Clause (non-finite) ___________________________
S: Head S: Pre. + Cent. + Head +Clause
(finite)
c) A lot of seats have already been taken by the students of linguistics.
F: S
NP1 _______________________ NP2 _______________________
F: C.O.P
S: Post (quantifier) + Head
___________________________ S: Cent. + Head + PP
___________________________
EXAM TEST – sample TEST
12. Choose the correct form(s): [5 pts, min.2]
PAGE 82
THE MOST IMPORTANT
EXERCISES FOR THE FINAL EXAM
TASKS 1 and 2
TASK 1: a, b, c (page 82)
?NP2=CoP (Complement of Preposition)
BUT WE WON’T ANALYZE IT BECAUSE IT IS TOO
NP1=S DEEPLY EMBEDDED
Pre. Cent.
NP1=S NP2=Od PP
Cent. Adj.
NP1=Cs PP
Post. Post..
NP1=Cs OR NP2=CoP
Post. Post.. Cent. Post. Adv.
TASK 1: g, h, i
NP1=S NP2=A
Pre. Cent. Post. Adj. Cent. Post.
NP1=S NP2=Cs
Pre. Cent. Post.
Pre. Cent.
NP1=S NP2=Od
Cent. Post. Adj.
NP1=Cs NP2=S
Pre. Cent.. Adj.
TASK 1: m, n, o
NP1=S NP2=Od NP2=Od
Pre. Cent. Adj. Adv. Adj. Cent.
NP2=Od
NP1=S
Cent. Adj. Adj.
NP1=S NP2=CoP
NP1=S
NP2=CoP
NP1=S
NP2=Od
NP1=S NP3=(A)
NP2=Cs
NP1=S NP2=Od NP3=Co
NP1=S NP2=CoP
NP1=S NP2=CoP
NP1=S NP2=A
NP1=S
NP1=S NP2=Cs
NP1=S
NP2=Cs
NP1=S NP2=Od
NOW LET’S DEAL WITH THE REST
OF THE EXERCISES
…LET’S CONTINUE FROM WHERE
WE STOPPED LAST WEEK.
11. Choose the correct (singular or plural) form:
a) The shorts you bought doesn’t / don’t fit me.
b) The police wants / want to interview Fred about the
robbery.
c) England has / have lost all their matches this season.
d) Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn’t / aren’t sharp
enough.
e) Gymnastics is / are my favorite sport.
f) Fortunately, the news wasn’t / weren’t as bad as we
expected.
g) A bicycle is a / some means of transport.
h) You old folk doesn’t / don’t know anything about us.
11. Choose the correct (singular or plural) form:
i) Mumps is / are an unpleasant ailment.
j) Ours is / are a great people.
k) How much / many cattle was / were grazing on
the hillside?
l) The archives of this company are / is kept in the
basement.
m) The audience was / were applauding.
n) The outskirts of the town are / is dull
o) Bad news don’t / doesn’t make people happy.
ARE
HAVE/H
AS
ARE
IS
WERE
ARE
IS
is
show is
are
own
are is
are
spend
are
are favor
OASES VIDEOS
STILL-LIFES WOMEN
DOCTORS
MEMORANDUMS PLAICE
MEMORANDA
BELIEFS GRANTS-IN-AID
CHASSIS TABLEAUS
TABLEAUX
SCARFS / SCARVES HOOFS
HOOVES
CACTUSES/ CACTI APPENDIXES/
APPENDICES
Crises can occur in best regulated families.
GENDER
lioness ram
widower nun
heroine bachelorette /
spinster
stallion usherette
tomcat (bride)groom
duchess goose
saleswoman he-goat
heiress Sir
WHO HE / SHE
HIM
WHICH
ITS
WHO THEIR
WHO
THEIR
WHICH
ITS
WHO
THEIR
THEY
THEIR
Ex. 25 and Ex. 26
PRONOUNS
YOU/ONE YOUR/ONE’S
ONE’S
ONESELF
THEM
THEY
SHE
ONESELF
THEY
HER WHICH HERSELF
/THAT
ITS
MYSELF
ONE / SOME
HERSELF
EACH
ANY
THEMSELVES
MYSELF
IT
NOBODY ANYTHING
THEMSELVES
HERSELF
EACH OTHER
ITSELF
YOU
ANYBODY THEY
ONE, TWO, …
ANOTHER ; MANY/MORE ; TWO/…/ELEVEN
WHAT
WE
which/that/ø
whom
wh0/whom
wh0/whom
which
which
which
who
who/whom
when/that/ø
which/that/ø
who/that
what/that/ø
THE END
(of the presentation,
class and course)