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Ts
1. The balance condition is used as a basis
Cc Cs
2. Displace concrete is neglected
c 0,003
cb .h h 0,6069. h
c y 0,003 0,001943
Wang and Salmon (1977) said that if used gross area of concrete column
section Ag > Agrs means that the column is relatively big. In this condition will
only require a relatively thin concrete compression in the column. Accordingly,
the tension control will occur. Conversely, if used Ag < Agrs means that the
column is relatively small. Under axial provided axial load, it requires
relatively thick concrete compression in column section. This condition will
lead to the compression control.
75 Taking for instance, the size of 55/75 cm column is
used, then Ag = 4125 cm2 or 64,7 % .Agrs. In addition
55 8D25 As’
8D25 bars is used in each side of column with steel
area As = As’ = 39,25 cm2. e = Mn/Pn = 21,8035 cm.
h
d e=21,8035
4.2 Check Pn according to Whitney formula
Pn
By using Eq.9.1) the nominal axial load capacity
Pn can be computes,
c
s Pn
255.(4125)
39,25.(4080)
3.(75).21,8035 21,8035
c 1,18 0,5
63,75 2
63,75 625
a 474,626 188,654 662,817 ton 640,323 ton
s
c In this case the nominal axial capacity Pn is also un-
c known, therefore there are 2-unknown in the system.
a Accordingly, the static moment of forces with respect
to the action-line Pn is required to eliminate/to main-
tain only 1-unknown in the system, therefore :
Ts
C c Cs
.c h h
Cc 1 0,5.ht e Cs t d e Ts t d e 0
2 2 2
0,85.c
(10133,06.c) (37,5 21,8035 151632,6.37,5 6,25 21,8035
2
17000156 247472.c (37,5 6,25) 21,8035 0
.c h h
C
c
1
0,5.h e C c e T e 0
t s
t
s
t
2 2 2
0,85.c
(37,5 21,8035 151632,6.37,5 6,25
The above relationship leads to the equation in term of c. After rearrange-
(10133,06.c)
2
17000156 247472.c (37,5 6,25) 21,8035 0
ment, the following relationship is found,
c
This is non linear/cubic equation, the solution can be done by solving the
roots of the equation. Several methods can be used in solving the equation.
The nominal moment produced by column can be found by taking the static
moment of internal forces or Pn respect to the plastic centroid, therefore,
143,515 , 658,219
700 75
Pn (ton)
600 640,323
55 8D25 A's
Pu 415460
0,395 500
c
Ts Cc Cs
200
a
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
-100 139,632 tm
-200
Mn (tm)
6. Column Design : Tension Control
hc a. Steel reinforcement hasn’t yielded
Nuk = 29,84 ton
bc As As’ Eccentricity e :
Nn,k = 45,907 ton
Such as stated before that the status of the mode of failure is affected by
the column’s size used. If used column sized greater that Agrs, then the
tension control likely will be found.
In other side, the approximate axial load capacity closed form formula
according to Eq.9.1) can be used. Recalled Eq. 9.1) :
e
2
d ' e
Pn 0,85. f c .b.h. 1 1 2. .m 11
e
h h h h
C1 .b.0,9.ht .C 2 C3
From which,
45907 216,75.0,9.Agrs (3,345 3,393), Agrs 4902,7 cm2
It should be noted that the required gross column section area Agrs = 4902,7
cm2 or computed from Eq.9.1. This equation is an approximate formula for
column axial load capacity in tension control by assuming the compression
steel has yielded.
When compression steel hasn’t yielded means that the thickness of com-
pression concrete should be much smaller than as computed and this im-
plies that the column size should be smaller than as computed.
50
After involving some considerations, then the
As As’ column size b/ht = 45/50 cm with 4D25 bars
45
in one side is used (Agrs = 2250 cm2 ± 5 x
456,157 cm2 or 46 % of 4902,7 cm2).
43,75
d 170,9 Pn 5.2 Checking for failure mode
26,553 6,25
's .0,003 0,00229 0,001943
26,553
Ts
The compression steel has yielded, then
Ccb 0,85.(255).0,85.26,553.(55 ) 220,146 ton
Csb 19,625.(4080 0,85.255) 75,816 ton
Tsb 19,625.(4080) 80,070 ton
Pnb 220,146 75,816 80,070 215,892 ton 45,907 ton
h .c h h
Cc e t 1 Cs e t d ' Ts t d e 0
>y 2 2 2 2
c 50 0.85.c 50
(8290,688.c)170,9409 80070 .
2 6, 25 170,9409
c 2 2
’s
a 123637,5.c 772734,4 50
.170,9409 6,25 0
c 2
Ts
After rearrangement, the following relationship is found,
c3 343,39 c 2 887,605 c 42971,028 0
This is non linear/cubic equation, the solution can be done by solving the
roots of the equation. Several methods can be used in solving the equation.
One of the root which satisfies the equation is,
c 9,8445 cm
9,8445 6,25
0,003 0,001095, f s 0,001095.E s 2300,2840 kg / cm 2
9,8445
Such as stated before that the status of the mode of failure is affected by
the column’s size used. If used column sized greater that Agrs, then the
tension control likely will be found.
In other side, the approximate axial load capacity closed form formula
according to Eq.9.1) can be used. Recalled Eq. 9.1) :
e
2
d ' e
Pn 0,85. f c .b.h. 1 1 2. .m 11
e
h h h h
C1 .b.0,9.ht .C 2 C3
The above values are computed by assuming b/ht = 55/60 cm, h = 58,75
cm, used 3D25 in one side then = 0,005, d’/h = 0,4779
From which,
295446 216,75.0,85. Agrs (0,517 0,6683), Agrs 1352,919 cm2
It should be noted that the required gross column section area Agrs= 1352,92
cm2 or computed from Eq.9.1 i.e column axial load capacity in tension con-
trol by assuming the compression steel has yielded. Agrs = 1352,92 cm2 is
far away from Agrs = 2975,32 cm2 as computed by using different method.
For the first guess a column with 55/60 cm is used, then h = 58,75 cm and
assuming the compression steel has yielded. With displace concrete is
ignored then the equilibrium of forces in the tension control will be,
Pn 0,85. f c .a.b A' s . f y As . fy
Pn 295446
a 27,261 cm , c 32,071 cm
0,85. f c .b 0,85.255.50
Used 3 bars in 1-side and this result confirms to the first guess before.
Compression control
Greatest column
axial load
M u ,ka M u ,kb
Vu ,k 9.3)
H 'k
However, the ultimate shear force should be less than shear in elastic
response or,
4
Vuk 1,05.VDL VLL VE 9.4)
K
From which,
Vu
Vs Vc 9.8)
b. Column at first stories
At the bottom end of first storey, the plastic hinge will be occur. Crushing
concrete is usually occur in the plastic hinge, therefore the concrete
could not contribute in resisting shear force in the column. Accordingly,
Eq. 9.8 becomes,
Vu
Vs 9.9)
35/70 62,78 Numerical Example :
43,69
35/70 43,69 a) Intermediate storey B-C
43,69
35/70 43,69
In intermediate storey B-C, the forma-
55,31 tion of the column plastic hinges is not
35/70 55,31 allowed/expected.
66,37
35/70 66,37 76,76 64,87
Vu ,k 43,578 ton
76,76 4 2.0,375
40/75 76,76
C 76,76 According to the structural analysis,
40/75 76.76
B 64,87
VDL = 2,98 ton VLL = 0,228 ton, VE =
40/75 64,87 28,12 ton. From Eq. 9.4),
A 101,69 4
Vuk ,max 1,05.2,98 0,228 28,12 121,47 ton
9,25 6,30 8,50 1
With Nuk = 362,23 ton (3 549 854 N), b = 550 mm, h = 687,5 mm then
concrete shear strength Vc according to Eq.9.6),
3549854 25
Vc 1 55.(68,75) 214451,875 N 21,874 t
14.(55). 68,75 6
According to Eq. 9.8), the shear force resisted by steel reinforcement Vs,
43,578
Vs 21,874 50,756 ton
0,60
Stirrup P10 is used with Ad = 0,785 cm2 and first trial using 4 –sections/
double stirrups then the required stirrup distance will be,
4.(0,785).3060.(68,75)
s 13 cm
50756
64,87 0,7.(200,921)
Vu ,kb 56,69 ton
3,625
56,69
Vs 62,698 ton
0,6
4P10-125
4P10-100 Lo = 1100
2P10-250
4P10-100 Lo = 1100
According to SKSNI 1991 :
The spacing of the column’s shear reinforcement ,s should be installed no
longer than :
f 'c Ag
Ash 0,3. s.hc . 1 9.10)
f yh Ach
or
f 'c
Ash
0,09. s. hc . 9.11)
f yh
hc =71
ht = 80 b = 72 Ag = ht.ht
Ach = a.b
a = 72
As . f y .h
s
Vs
This method differs from the previous one. According to SK SNI 1991, the
column shear reinforcement is determined based on the flexural moments
acting on the column. Mean while, SNI 2000, the shear reinforcement is
designed according to volumetric ratio of the shear reinforcement.
Numerical Example :
hc =71
Beam 35/75 cm,
57,9 tm
therefore hk’ = 3,00m
3,75m
ht = 80 b = 72
57,9 tm
a = 72
57 ,9 57 ,9
Vuk 38,60 t
3,0
Ag = ht.ht
Vuk 38,60
59,38 t
Ach = a.b 0,65
Shear reinforcement P10 is used with fyh = 390 Mpa = 3978 kg/cm2. For 1-
section, Av = 0,785 cm2. Supposing 3-legs are used then Av = 2,355 cm2.
Av . f y .h 2,355.(3978).66.75
s 10,53 cm2
Vs 59 380