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Analysis
1
R
Ratio Metric
Interval
Ordinal
Non-metric
Nominal
$
All multivariate
methods
Yes No
Dependence Interdependence
methods methods
11
p
Major Uses
p
12
Person Evaluation X1 (Amount of Protein X2 (Daily
per standard serving) requirement of
Vitamin D)
1 Dislike 2 4
2 Dislike 3 2
3 Dislike 4 5
4 Dislike 5 4
5 Dislike 6 D
Average 4 4.4
6 like D 6
D like 8 4
8 like 9 D
9 like 10 6
10 like 11 9
Average 9 6.4
Grand Mean 6.5 5.4
Deviation 3.028 13 2.011
p
' (
!
14
)
p
16
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1D
p
18
º
20
º
21
º
! Eigenvalue :
Called the ?? of each discriminant function.
Reflects the ratio of importance of the dimensions which classify
cases of the dependent variable.
There is one eigenvalue for each discriminant function.
The eigenvalues assess relative importance because they reflect the
percents of variance explained in the dependent variable,
cumulating to 100% for all functions.
The first will be the largest and most important, the second next
most important in explanatory power, and so on.
22
º
23
º
ù Discriminant score
Value resulting from applying a discriminant function formula to the
data for a given case.
The U is the discriminant score for standardized data.
ù Cutoff:
If the discriminant score of the function is less than or equal to the
cutoff, the case is classed as 0, or if above it is classed as 1.
When group sizes are equal, the cutoff is the mean of the two
centroids (for two-group DA).
If the groups are unequal, the cutoff is the weighted mean.
24
º
Ui = b1 X1 + b2 X2 + b3 X3 + ... + bn Xn
25
º
26
º
2D
º
28
º
*+
30
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*, -R
! Classification functions*
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31
º
*, -R
! Classification functions*
! Classification table- Classification matrix
!
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%
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%
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hit ratio%
32
º
*!
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33
º
*!
p
! Wilks's lambda
Tests the significance of each discriminant function in MDA
The smaller the lambda, the greater the differences. Lambda varies from 0 to
1, with 0 meaning group means differ (thus the more the variable
differentiates the groups), and 1 meaning all group means are the same.
34
,
0" 1
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2 4
p2
1 Dislike 2 4 4 16 8
2 Dislike 3 2 9 4 6
3 Dislike 4 5 16 25 20
4 Dislike 5 4 25 16 20
5 Dislike 6 D 36 49 42
Average 4 4.4 um 90 110 96
6 like D 6 49 36 42
D like 8 4 64 16 32
8 like 9 D 81 49 63
9 like 10 6 100 36 60
10 like 11 9 121 81 99
Average 9 6.4 um 415 218 296
Grand Mean 6.5 5.4
Deviation 3.028 2.011
35
Inferences from Table
ö Two groups are much more widely separated on X1
than they are on X2
ö X1 appears better for group separation
ö However, there is information provided by group
separation on X2
ö Better to take composite both X1 and X2
ö Linear Equation -> Z = K1X1 + K2X2
36
How to find K1 and K2
ö The ratio to be maximised through
appropriate selection of K1 and K2
ö (um of squared deviations of the group
means around their grand mean) / (um of
squared deviations of the pooled variability
of the individual cases around their
respective group mean
ö Procedure similar to that of multiple
regression
3D
How to find K1 and K2
ö^
! !
38
Discriminant cores for the Means
ö U
ö U
ö U
39
Discriminant cores for the Means
öu
Dislikers Likers
Person Discriminant Person Discriminant
core core
1 0.148 6 1.691
2 0.809 D 2.353
3 0.D35 8 2.2D9
4 1.250 9 2.D94
5 1.1D6 10 2.D21
Mean 0.824 Mean 2.368
Grand Mean 1.596
40
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43
Holdout Method
! Uses part of sample to construct classification rule; other
subsample used for validation
! Uses classification matrix and hit ratio to evaluate groups
classification
! Uses discriminant weights to generate discriminant scores for
cases in subsample
44
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1. Form groups
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