INDIA AND

PAKISTAN SINCE
INDEPENDENCE
PARTITION
JINNAH AND PAKISTAN

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ
_BJl0M&feature=fvw
BORDER CEREMONY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lm
BqGs
 The problem of
Kashmir

 Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority

territory
 India accuses Pakistan of waging a
proxy war by arming militants
 Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu
 Kashmiris never voted;
extremists/separatists were born
 Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its
ally?
Indian Politics Nehru (1947)>>

<<Indira Gandhi
(1966-77, 80-84)
Rajiv Gandhi>>
(1984-89)

>> Singh (2004-now)

NEHRU

 FIVE YEAR PLANS

 SOCIALIST ECONOMY
 NEUTRAL IN COLD WAR
 LEFT BRITISH-TRAINED
CIVIL SERVICE INTACT
 INDIA A “ONE-PARTY
DEMOCRACY” – Nehru was
very popular and respected
 Prime minister 1948-1966,
when he died
INDIRA GANDHI
 NEHRU’S DAUGHTER
 NOT RELATED TO
MAHATMA GANDHI
 POPULAR BUT
ECONOMY DID
POORLY IN 1970s
 P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-
84. ASSASSINATED
BY A SIKH
BODYGUARD.
A FAKE “EMERGENCY” –
INDIA REMAINS A
DEMOCRACY
 INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO
GAIN DICTATORIAL
POWERS WHEN SHE’S
ACCUSED OF
CORRUPTION IN 1975
 JANATA DAL PARTY
DEFEATS CONGRESS IN
ELECTIONS IN 1977,
RESTORES FULL
DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL
RIGHTS – First time
Congress party is defeated.
 DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS,
INDIA REMAINS
COMMITTED TO POLITICAL
DEMOCRACY
RAJIV GANDHI
 INDIRA’S SON
 POPULAR
 INTERVENES IN SRI
LANKA CIVIL WAR
 P.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL
ASSASSINATED BY
TAMIL SEPARATISTS
IN 1991
MORE GANDHIS
 Indira’s other son,
Sanjay, died in a
plane crash in 1980.
 Rajiv’s widow, Sonia,
is Italian-born. She
is president of the
Congress party.
 Controversy about
whether she should
run for higher office.
ECONOMIC REFORMS –
1991 – THE BIG CHANGE
 MANMOHAN SINGH
becomes finance
minister in 1991
 Engineers major reforms
to loosen up government
control of the economy
 Economic takeoff in past
17 years.
 Singh is currently Prime
Minister
 Member of Congress
Party
INDIA’S ECONOMIC
GROWTH
HINDU-MUSLIM TENSIONS

 Ayodhya riots
 Mumbai riots
 1992-93. Thousands
dead.
HINDU NATIONALISM
 BJP Party wins national
elections in 1998.
 Favors confrontation
with Pakistan
 Develop nuclear
weapons program,
acccomplish little else.
INDIA’S ASSETS
 GOOD TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY
BRITISH (RAILROAD
NETWORK)
 PUSH FOR EDUCATION –
MANY WELL-TRAINED
PEOPLE
 HUGE MIDDLE CLASS
 HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –
CENTERED IN BANGALORE
 WORLD’S BIGGEST
DEMOCRACY
 POLITICAL STABILITY
 COMMON USE OF ENGLISH
BY EDUCATED PEOPLE
 ABLE TO FEED ITSELF
THANKS TO “GREEN
REVOLUTION”
BOLLYWOOD
WORLD’S LARGEST MOVIE
INDUSTRY
INDIA’S PROBLEMS

 MASSIVE POVERTY
 CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS
 THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –
TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with
China
 NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN
INDIAN PARADOX –
POVERTY AND POWER
PAKISTAN AND
BANGLADESH – Countries
which were Muslim parts
of British India before
partition
PAKISTAN
 ORIGINALLY TWO
TERRITORIES, A
THOUSAND MILES
APART, SPEAKING
TWO UNRELATED
LANGUAGES
 WEST PAKISTAN
DOMINATED
 WEST PAKISTAN HAD
FERTILE LAND ONLY
IN THE INDUS RIVER
SYSTEM
POLITICAL HISTORY

 PAKISTAN
ALTERNATED
BETWEEN
ELECTED
DEMOCRACY AND
MILITARY
DICTATORSHIP

 Shown at left:
Zulfikar and Benazir
Bhutto
Pakistan PoliticsJinnah (1947)>>

<<Zulfikar Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto>> (1973-77)
(1988-90, 93-96)

Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)

Zardari (now)

<< Musharraf
(1999-2008)
CREATION OF
BANGLADESH
 In 1970s, Pakistani
dictator Ayub Khan
cracked down on
politicians inEast
Pakistan.
 In 1971 election, East
Pakistani leader Sheik
Mujibur Rahman (right)
won national elections.
 The military government
refused to accept the
results.
 East Pakistan seceded
and became
independent with help
from India.
BANGLADESH

 Soon after
independence,
Bangladesh was hit
with massive floods
and famine
BANGLADESH
 LAND OF RIVER
DELTAS – VERY
PRODUCTIVE LAND
 PERIODIC FLOODING
BECAUSE OF
MONSOONS
 EXTREME POVERTY
 FEARS TODAY OF
ISLAMIC EXTREMISM
 POLITICAL SYSTEM IS
DEMOCRATIC BUT
NOT VERY STABLE.
BANGLADESH FLOODING:
A PERENNIAL PROBLEM
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_
v1Bnjc
PAKISTAN TODAY

 MILITARY
DICTATORSHIP
SINCE 2000
 HISTORICALLY, AN
ALLY OF THE U.S.
 AMBIGUOUS ROLE
IN TERRORISM
Pakistan’s Ethnic groups

1. Punjabi: majority ethnic group that

dominates politics and army
2. Pashtun: mountain region on the border
of Afghanistan; government has little
control over them; fierce protectors of
their land & guests
3. Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by
feudal families, like the Bhuttos
4. Baluch: sparsely settled; heroin
PAKISTAN’S CONNECTION
WITH ISLAMIC TERRORISM
 In 1980, military
dictator of Pakistan
solidified his power
by passing
Islamization
program, instituting
sharia or Islamic law.
 PAKISTANI
INTELLIGENCE
SECRETLY AIDED
THE TALIBAN IN
AFGHANISTAN, AND
IN TERROR
ATTACKS ON INDIA
FROM KASHMIR
MADRASAS
NORTHWEST FRONTIER
 LITTLE
GOVERNMENT
CONTROL OVER
ARMED SEMI-
NOMADIC TRIBES
 OSAMA PROBABLY
HIDING IN
MOUNTAINS THERE
THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”
 PAKISTAN EXPLODED
ITS FIRST NUCLEAR
DEVICE IN DESERT IN
1998.
 DR. A.Q. KHAN
RESPONSIBLE FOR
ITS SECRET
DEVELOPMENT, AND
SHARED
TECHNOLOGY WITH
“ROGUE STATES” LIKE
LIBYA, NORTH KOREA,
MAYBE OTHERS
NUCLEAR CRISIS
NEAR-NUCLEAR
CONFRONTATION OVER
KASHMIR IN 1998
THE END OF MUSHARAF?

 Musharaf dismissed
the Supreme Court
after he stepped
down as head of the
army
 Lawyers protested
ASSASSINATION OF
BENAZIR BHUTTO
 Prior to
parliamentary
elections this year,
opposition leaders
were allowed back
into the country
 Benazir Bhutto
returned, was
assassinated
NEW PRIME MINISTER
SWORN IN – TRANSITION
BACK TO DEMOCRACY?
 Has freed imprisoned
judges
 Army remains
strongest institution
in country
 Rebellion in
Baluchistan province
 Problems of poverty
and lack of
development