HYDROPOWER

BY:
PAGLINAWAN, AICEL
VILLA, NIEL JEROME
TIAMA, MARIA PATRICIA
GUEVARRA, IAN KRISTOPHER
 WHAT IS HYDROPOWER?
Hydropower
-is energy that comes from the force of moving
water.
-is called a renewable energy source because it
is replenished by snow and rainfall. As long as
the sun shines and the rain falls, we won’t run
out of this energy source.
COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER
PLANT
 COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER
PLANT
1. Catchment area and water reservoir
• The area behind the dam, which collects rain
water, drains into a stream or river, is called
catchment area.
• Water collected from catchment area is stored
in a reservoir, behind the dam.
Natural reservoir - is a lake in high mountains
and an artificial reservoir is made by constructing
a dam across the river.
Storage - Is water held in upstream reservoir.
Pondage – is water behind the dam at the plant.
 COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER
PLANT
2. Dam and the Intake
• A dam is a structure of masonry earth and/or
rock fill built across a river. Its two functions
are to provide the head of water and to create
storage or pondage.
Concrete and masonry dams types
– solid gravity dam
– the buttress dam
– the arched dam
The basic requirements of a dam
• economy
• Safety

Part of a dam must have

• Trash rack
• Booms screen
• Sluice gate
• Gate valve

..
Trash rack-is made up of steel bars and is placed
across the intake to prevent the debris from
going into the intake.
Booms screen-prevent floating material like
logs, which divert them to a bypass chute.
Sluices- is for by passing debris.
Gates and valves - control the rate of water flow
entering the intake
Gates - discharge excess water during flood
duration.
Types of Gates:
– Radial gates
– sluice gates
– wheeled gates
– plain sliding gates
– crest gates
– drum gates

The various types of valves used are:

– needle valve
– butterfly valve
Radial gates sluice gates wheeled gates

Slide gate crest gates drum gates

 COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER
PLANT
3. Inlet water ways
• Inlet water ways are the passages through which
water is conveyed from the dam to the power
house. It includes:
a) Canal
b) Flumes
c) Penstock (closed pipe)
d) Tunnel
e) Foreway
f) Surge Tanks
g) Spillways
several designs of spillways:
– simple spillway
– side channel spillway
– siphon spillway
– Over flow spillway
– Chute or trough spillway
– Shaft spillway

-The particular type selected for a construction depends upon

topographical, geological and hydrological conditions at the site.
Maintenance cost of spillways may also be an important
consideration in selection of the type.
 COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER
PLANT
4. Power House and Equipment
• The power house is a building in which the turbines,
alternators and the auxiliary plant are housed. Here
conversion of energy of water to electrical energy takes
place.

The power house consists of two main parts:

a.) a substructure to support the hydraulic and electrical
equipment
b.) superstructure to house and protect these equipment
 The superstructure mostly is a building or
housing an operating equipment. The generating
units and exciters are usually located on the
ground floor. The turbines are placed just below
the floor level if they rotate on vertical axis.
These turbines which rotate on a horizontal axis
are placed on the ground floor alongside the
generator.
Following are some of the main equipment provided in a
power house:
• Prime movers (turbines)
coupled with generators
• Turbine governors
• Relief valve for penstock
fittings
• Gate valves
• Water circulating pumps
• Flow measuring devices
• Air ducts
• Transformers
• Reactors
• Switch board equipment
and instruments
• Oil circuit breakers
• Low tension and high
tension bus bar
• Cranes
• Shops and offices
• The turbines which are in common use are:
– Pelton turbine
– Francis turbine
– Kaplan turbine
– Propeller turbines
 COMPONENTS OF HYDROPOWER
PLANT
5. Tail Race and Outlet Water Way
• Tail race is a passage for discharging the water
leaving the turbine into the river and in certain
cases, the water from.
• the water held in the tail race is called as tail race
water level.
• The draft tube is an essential part of reaction
turbine installation. It is a diverging passage from
the point of runner exit down to the tail race.
Draft tube has two main functions:

a.) It permits the establishment of negative head

below the runner and so makes it possible to set
the turbine above the tail race level, where it is
more easily accessible and yet does not cause a
sacrifice in head.
b.) Its diverging passage converts a large portion
of the velocity energy rejected from the runner
into useful pressure head, thereby increasing
the efficiency of the turbine.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF HYDRO STATIONS
ADVANTAGES OF THE STATIONS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

1. The plant is highly reliable and its operation and maintenance charges are
very low.
2. It is quick starting and can be brought on load within few minutes, and the
load can be increased rapidly.
3. Hydro stations are able to respond to rapidly changing loads without loss of
efficiency.
4. The plant has no standby losses.
5. The efficiency of the plant does not change with age, whereas there is
considerable reduction in
efficiency of thermal as well as nuclear power plant with age.
6. The plant and associated civil engineering structures have a long life.
7. Less labor is required to operate the plant, much of the plant is under
automatic control.
8. In this case no nuisance of smoke, exhaust gases, soot
etc. exists.
9. It uses non-wasting natural source, i.e. water power.
10. Cost of land is not a problem, as the hydro stations
are situated away from the developed areas.
11. The cost of generation of energy varies with little with
the time.
12. The machines used in hydel plants are more robust
and generally run at low speeds (300 to 400 rpm) where
the machines used in thermal plants run at a speed of
3000 to 4000 rpm. Due to low speed and temperature,
there are no complications of special alloys required for
construction.
13. It can be made multipurpose so as to give additional
advantages of irrigation and flood control.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE STATIONS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

1. Initial cost of the plant including the cost of dam is high.

2. Hydro-station has special requirement of site which usually is an
isolated area with difficult access.
3. Power generation by the hydro-plant is only dependent on the
quality of water available, which in turn depends on rain. During the
dry year, the power production may be curtailed or even discontinued.
This availability of power from such plants is not much reliable.
4. The site of hydroelectric station is selected on the basis of water
availability at economical head. Such sites are usually away from the
load centers. The transmission of power from power station to the
load center requires long transmission lines. This substantially
increases the capital expenditure and also there is loss of power in
such transmissions.
5. It takes long time for its construction as compared to thermal plants.
Over and above, their wholly practical advantage is the fact that hydro
electric energy is the most viable mode of renewable energy available
for utilization, as so good or even better in some respects, as any other
mode using consumable resources.
Classification based on their hydraulic characteristics
or capacity foot water flow regulation, the hydro
power plants may be categorized as:

1. Run of river plants

2. Storage plants (Reservoir plants)
3. Pumped Storage Plants
4. Multi-Purpose Project
5. Purely-Hydroelectric Project
1. Run of river plants
As the name suggests, these plants utilize
the flow as it runs through the year, without any
storage add the benefit thereof. During the rainy
season high water flow is available and if the
power plant is not able to use this large flow of
water some quantity of water is allowed to flow
over dam spillways as waste. On the other hand
during dry season, the power produced by such
plants will be less, due to low flow rates of
water.
2. Storage plants (Reservoir plants)
As the name suggest, in such plants, have
reservoirs of fairly large size, which usually
provide sufficient storage to carryover from wet
season to dry season and sometimes even from
one year to another. They can therefore supply
water at a constant rate which is substantially
higher than the minimum natural flow of the
stream. The big dams, creating large lakes,
usually provide relatively high heads for these
power plants.
3. Pumped Storage Plants
This type of plant in combination with hydro-
electric power plant is used for supplying. The
sudden peak load for short duration--a few hours in
the year. These are special type of power plants
which work as ordinary conventional hydropower
stations for part of the time. The specialty of power
plants lies in the fact that when such plants are not
producing power, they can be used as pumping
stations which pump water from the tail race side
to the high level reservoir. At such times these
power stations utilize power available from
elsewhere to run the pumping units.
4. Multi-Purpose Project
Power generation may be one of the
benefits along with flood control, irrigation,
navigation, drinking water, etc.

5. Purely-Hydroelectric Project
Project is conceived exclusively for power
generation.
 CBK Power Company Limited
A partnership between two Japanese companies – the Electric Power
Development Company Ltd. (JPower), a power wholesaler and power project
developer, and Sumitomo Corporation, an integrated business enterprise
both in Japan and overseas – the CBK Power Company Limited (CBK PCL) was
created to implement the Build-Rehabilitate-Operate-Transfer (BROT)
Agreement between CBK and the National Power Corporation (NPC).

Under the agreement, CBK plants will provide ancillary services and
electricity for NPC and will transfer the plants to NPC at no cost at the end of
the cooperation period in 2026.

CBK PCL took over the operation of the CBK Complex on February 7,
2001 and embarked on a comprehensive rehabilitation and upgrading
program that aimed to extend the useful life of the three power generation
plants in the power complex, improve the plants’ available capacity, reliability
and safety, and also expanded existing pumped storage power plant by
adding two more units.
CBK Power Company Limited (CBK PCL)
It operates three hydroelectric power
plants in the province of Laguna. CBK PCL is
credited for revitalizing the CBK power complex
into a reliable, indigenous and environmentally-
benign source of power for the country. With a
combined generation of 728 megawatts, the
CBK complex provides a significant portion of
the total power supply in Metro manila, the
largest consumption center of energy in the
country.
 Plants operated by the CBK Power
Company Limited
Caliraya Hydro Electric Power Plant (CHEPP)
This Power plant is located in Lumban, Laguna
which is the first power plant ever built by NPC and
was fully commissioned after World War II. CHEPP
shares the Caliraya Reservoir with the Kalayaan
Pumped Storage Power Plant.
Originally, the plant was equipped with four
units with a combined generating capacity of 32
MW. After the rehabilitation by CBK PCL, the plant
now has two units with a combined guaranteed
generating capacity of 22.6 MW at 271m net head.
Caliraya Hydro Electric Power Plant
(CHEPP)
 Botocan Hydroelectric Power Plant
(BHEPP)
It is a run-of-river power plant, BHEPP uses
Botocan River as its water source for energy –
which was acquired by NPC from the Manila Electric
Company (Meralco) in January 1979. Located in
Majayjay, Laguna, the first BHEPP unit was
commissioned in 1930 while two other units were
commissioned in 1947. BHEP was then equipped
with two Francis-type turbine units rated 8MW
each which is directly connected to a vertical
generator, and a 0.96MW auxiliary Pelton-type
turbine unit driving a horizontal generator.
 THE BOTOCAN HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT CONTROL BUILDING
 Kalayaan Pumped Storage Power
Plant (KPSPP)
The first of its kind in Southeast Asia. Located in
Kalayaan, Laguna, the plant lies along the eastern part of
Laguna Lake and is situated near Metro Manila, the
largest consumption center of energy in the country.
KPSPP’s main purpose is to supply peaking power to the
Luzon Grid. It utilizes excess power during times when
there is low power demand to pump water from a lower
reservoir (Laguna de Bay) for storage in an upper
reservoir (the Caliraya Reservoir) at night. During times of
high power demand, the stored water in the upper
reservoir is released and used to generate power as it
returns to the lower reservoir.
Kalayaan Pumped Storage Power Plant
(KPSPP)
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF KALAYAAN
PUMED UP STORAGE
1.) THE UPPER CANAL
Upper Canal connects the Caliraya Reservoir with the
intake structure of KPSPP.

2.) KALAYAAN INTAKE

The KALAYAAN INTAKE is located at the end of the
forebay area and consists of a concrete gravity structure 32 m
high and 115.26 m long, having crest at elevation 294 masl.

3.) THE SERVICE BUILDING

Located on the right side of the powerhouse, has an
area of 48.7m x 26.2m and height of 23.3m.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF KALAYAAN
PUMED UP STORAGE
4.) THE CONTROL BUILDING
Adjacent to the powerhouse shaft and in front of the service
building, it is a conventional reinforced concrete structure with
external shaped walls developed on the three floors plus the
basement.
5.) THE POWER HOUSE
Each Powerhouse contains two Francis vertical and
synchronous generators with a total Guaranteed Net Contracted
Capacity (GNCC) of 336 MW for KPSPP I and 348.6 MW for KPSPP II.
6.) 1-MW MINI – HYDRO POWER UNIT
It is a Pelton turbine type small hydro unit which can provide
station service power even during the entire grid power failure so that
the Kalayaan Pump Storage Power Plant can energies the grid initially.
(Black Start Function)
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF KALAYAAN
PUMED UP STORAGE
7.) 1-MW DIESEL GENSET
Serve as an additional station service power
source in case of emergency.

8.) THE PENSTOCKS – I & II

The Penstock-I is located in the excavated
section of trapezoidal shaped open trench, having a
bottom width of 32.7 m. The penstock has a
diameter of 6m which reduces to 5.5m.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF CALIRAYA
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
1.) INTAKE STRUCTURE
It is located on the left bank of the reservoir at El.272.5 m.
From the intake until the surge tank; water is conveyed through a
circular, reinforced concrete, 2.5 m-diameter conduit.
2.) SURGE TANK
It is of the Johnson differential type, 6.1mdiameter and raises
32.9-m above the foundation. There is a 2.3 m-diameter maintenance
butterfly valve immediately downstream of the surge tank.
3.) PENSTOCK
A 741 m x 2.0 to 2.3 m diameter, conveys the water to the
powerhouse. The penstock is supported on concrete saddles and
anchor blocks. A manifold diverts water into two branches and feeds
each of the units. A butterfly valve is installed upstream of each unit
which serves as main water inlet valve operated by hydraulic systems.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF CALIRAYA
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
4.) POWERHOUSE
It contains two Francis vertical turbines and synchronous generator
with a total guaranteed capacity of 22.6 MW. The generators are connected
to the main and transfer buses in the substation through SF6 gastype circuit
breakers rated 1,250A. Two transformers 13,800/480V feed the plant
auxiliaries.
5.) GENERATORS
There are two feeders connecting Kalayaan and Botocan 115 KV line,
each one equipped with a de-ton grid circuit breaker. These feeders supply
power through two 3-phase power transformers each rated at 22,000 kVA,
13.2 KV / 115KV
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF CALIRAYA
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
6.) CALIRAYA RESERVOIR
It is located approximately 60 aerial km eastsoutheast of Manila. It
serves as the reservoir for the Kalayaan and Caliraya Power Plants. It was
formed by blocking the Caliraya River with a dam. It has a total catchment of
129 sq km including the 37 sq km catchment of Lumot Reservoir. The
minimum and maximum normal operating water levels of the Caliraya
Reservoir are at 286 and 288 masl and its total storage capacity is
approximately about 80 million cubic meters. Surrounding Caliraya Lake are
12 barangays in three towns; Cavinti, Lumban and Kalayaan. In these areas
are Barangays San Antonio and San Juan in Kalayaan; Lewin and Caliraya in
Lumban; East West Talaongan, Lumot-Mahipon, Inao-awan, Sisilmin, Bukal,
Cansuso, and Paowin in Cavinti.

7.) CALIRAYA-LUMOT WATERSHED

It was set aside as permanent forest reserve on June 26, 1969 by
then president Ferdinand E. Marcos through Proclamation No. 573.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF CALIRAYA
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
8.) CALIRAYA DAM
It is a rolled -earth dam with crest elevation at 292 masl and
has a base width of 161.7 m and a top width of 10 m. The base of the
dam at the foundation elevation is at approximately 270 masl and was
constructed on a foundation of alternate layers of basalt rock and soft
materials. The total length considering the west and east dike is 1,156
m. The upstream face is protected with slabs of cement while
downstream face is covered with grass.

9.) LUMOT-CALIRAYA TUNNEL

It is situated in the municipality of Cavinti. It connects the
Lumot Reservoir with the Caliraya Reservoir through the 2.2 Km long,
2m diameter concrete conduit. A maintenance valve is provided
approximately 146 m downstream of the intake portal.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF CALIRAYA
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
10.) NEW CALIRAYA SPILLWAY
It was designed and constructed as it is of the
open gated type with its ogee crest elevation
284.46 m. It was designed for a maximum discharge
of more than 500 cu.m. per second. The new
spillway is consist of a forebay, the ogee, chuteway
with appropriate training walls, a flip bucket as
energy dissipater and a plunge pool. Two radial
gates, measuring 8.76 m x 9 m wide, are supported
by the central pier and abutment piers, which in
turn support the spillway bridge.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF BOTOCAN
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
1.) POWERHOUSE
It encloses the three generator units as well as its auxiliaries. It
is located on the left bank of the river and is in a 150-meter deep
gorge. It can be reached via the cable car or a stairway.
2.) GENERATOR UNITS 1 & 2
Generator units 1 & 2 are the main units of BHEPP, each
utilizing a Francis-type turbine. Each has a guaranteed output of
10MW at a rated speed of 600 rpm and a power factor of 0.85. It has a
rated output voltage of 13.8 kV at 60 Hz.
3.) GENERATOR UNIT 3
It utilizes a Pelton-type turbine. It has a rated power output of
960 KW at a rated speed of 720 rpm. Its rated output voltage of 13.8
kV and with a power factor of 0.8.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF BOTOCAN
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
4.) SWITCHYARD
It is located on the powerhouse roof. Low voltage lines are
carried up the gorge through a series of overhead towers and are
connected to the transformer station near the surge tank.
5.) INTAKE
It provides a means for the closure of power tunnel intake
during dewatering of penstock or during emergency operations. It is
located on the left bank of the river at a short distance from the dam,
and it is equipped with conventional trashracks and a Stoney-type
sliding gate. From the intake until the surge tank, the water is
conveyed through a 2-m, 2- km long waterway consisting of a
concrete-lined, 1,180 m long tunnel of circular section, and a 783 m-
long riveted steel type section.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF BOTOCAN
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
6.) DAM GATES
It provide a means to control and maintain the level of water in the
reservoir. It is equipped with four counterweighted tainter gates, each 3.7 meters high
and 7.6 meters long. The gates can be controlled in either auto/remote mode from the
Operator’s Station or at local/manual at the Intake Building. In case of absolute power
failure, it can be controlled manually by means of hand wheels.
7.) OVERFLOW SPILLWAY
It was designed in such a way as to permit the free flow of water at the Dam
when it reaches 332.50 masl.
8.) SURGE TANK
A differential 2.25 m-diameter, 63.96 m-high located at the top of the hill
above the powerhouse. The tank is made of steel plates and is supported by six steel
legs. The exposed steel penstock 1.8 m in diam. x 179 m long, convey the water from
anchor block to the powerhouse through a steep slope inclined at 45deg. to 51deg.
supported by concrete anchor blocks and concrete saddles . The surge tank prevents
water hammering in the event of sudden closure of the butterfly valve. Likewise, it
provides the required amount of water in case of an abrupt increase in load.
 PLANT COMPONENTS OF BOTOCAN
HYDROELECTRIC
POWERPLANT
9.) CABLE CAR
It is the primary means of transportation
going to the Powerhouse, with 15 minutes as
interval time. It has a maximum safe capacity of 25
metric tons. The upper and lower landing elevations
are 277.089 masl and 143.94 masl, respectively.
10.) STAIRWAY ALONG THE PENSTOCK
It is the alternative route from the ground
level to the Powerhouse and vice versa. It has 611
steps, consisting of 597 steel ladders and 14
concrete step-ladders.
THANK YOU