WATER SUPPLY

BY:
REYES, MARY GRACE D.
MICULOB, SWEET
REAL, JOHN PATRICK
CHAVEZ, MA JEUNICE
RICAFORT, JANN ROUIEN
• Water Supply is the process of providing
water in a systematic way through installed pumps and pipe
lines.
Before water is provided to a specific area, it undergoes
a process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water
received is safe for human consumption.
The Philippines’ water supply system dates back to
1946 after the country achieved its independence.
Government agencies, local institutions, non-government
organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge
in the operation and administration of water supply and
sanitation in the country.
 MAIN SOURCES OF WATER
• SURFACE WATER
1. Lakes – is formed due to the collection of water in a natural basin or
depression in a mountainous area or in plains.
2. Reservoirs – is subjected to almost the same conditions as a lake. The
discharge in a river or stream decreases during summer. To obtain a continuous
supply of water, a dam is constructed across the river and the surplus discharge
in the river during rains is impounded in the reservoirs.
3. Rivers, Streams, Irrigation Canals
The quality of water from a river or stream depends on the
• Character and area of the catchment
• Topography
• Extent and nature of development of catchment by human beings
• Seasonal and weather conditions
• GROUND WATER the sources of water which supply water from below
the earth’s surface.
Source of Underground Water
1. Spring – are formed due to emergence of ground water to the surface.
Is a water resource formed when the side of a hill, a valley bottom or
other excavation intersects a flowing body of groundwater at or below
the local water table, below which the subsurface material is saturated
with water.
2. Wells – the vertical hole dug out or drilled into the ground to get sub-
surface water.
3. Infiltration Gallery – is essentially a porous barrel placed with a previous
layer either axially along or across the ground water flow.
4. Infiltration Wells – is a well sunk in a river or stream bed.
 WATER RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES
1.Cagayan River
2.Angat Dam
3. Ipo Dam
4.La Mesa Dam (also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system)
5.Ambuklao Dam
6.Magat Dam
• The four major groundwater reservoirs are in: Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan,
and Cotabato.
• There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
• Dams and reservoirs are mainly used for water storage, water supply, irrigation,
regulation of flood, and hydropower. Some of the well-known and larger dams in
rural areas are developed for flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power
source of Baguio and some places in Luzon and , a major source of irrigation
water and hydroelectric power in Isabela.
 Quantity of Water
The quantity of water required depend on the following factors:
1. Rate of Demand – is the rate of water to be supplied per person per
day.
2. Design Period – is the useful of the water-supply scheme.
3. Water Supply Scheme – is generally designed to meet the
requirements over a period of 30 years after its completion.
4. Population to be Served – at the end of the design period is
estimated by a suitable method.
5. The population to be served multiplied by the rate of the demand
gives the total quantity of water ground.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Demand
1. Climatic Conditions
2. Cost of Water
3. Habits of People
4. Efficiency of the Water-Supply System
5. Metering Services
6. Industries
7. Quality of Water
8. Sewerage System
9. System of Supply
QUALITY OF WATER
Types of Test
10.Physical Test – which are carried out in water analysis include color, taste and odor,
temperature and turbidity.
11.Chemical Test – carried out on water to determine total solids, hardness, chlorides,
dissolved gases, hydrogen-ion concentration, nitrogen and its compound, and other
chemical substances.
 Purification of Water
HOW DRINKING WATER IS TREATED
HOW TREATED WATER REACHES HOME
 Conveyance of Water
The water required for a water-supply scheme had to be drawn from a surface source such as
river, lake, impounding reservoir, canal or from an underground source such as well or spring.
The water is conveyed from the source to the treatment plants or pumping station
by any one of the following methods:
1. Open Channel – are excavated in earth and are generally trapezoidal in section.
Where the water is valuable and seepage is to be kept to minimum, the channel is
lined with concrete or masonry.
2. Aqueducts – is a closed conduit constructed in masonry or concrete.
3. Pipeline – is a circular conduit used for conveying water from one place to another
under gravity or under pressure.
 Cost-Iron Pipe
 Concrete Pipe
 AC Pipes
 Steel Pipes
 Galvanized Pipes
 Plastic Pipes
 PVC Pipes
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
A good distribution system should satisfy the following requirements:
 The capacity of the system should be sufficient to meet the maximum hourly flow.
 During emergency, the pipe capacity should be capable of providing water for fire flow.
 There should be sufficient water head or pressure at the tap of the consumer.
 The elevation of the reservoir should be such that minimum residual pressure maintained.
 The maintenance of the system should be simple and economical.
 In the case of breakdown or repairs to a pipeline, the system should be such that population served by
the pipeline could be supplied water from other pipelines.
METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION
 Gravity System – in this system, water is distributed by a gravity. Water should, therefore, have
sufficient supply pressure at all points in the system.
 Pumping System – in this system, the water is pumped directly into the water mains of the distribution
system.
 Dual System – the system is a combination of gravity and pumping systems. The water is pumped
from the purification plants to an elevated storage reservoir and distributed to consumers from this
reservoir by gravity.
 APPURTENANCES OF WATER
Appurtenances – the different devices fixed along the distribution system
The following are the purposes served by these fixtures are:
 For controlling the rate of flow of water
 For releasing or admitting air into the pipeline according to situation
 For preventing or detecting leakages
 To meet the demand during emergencies
 To make the distribution system more efficient
Fixtures used in distribution system:
1. Valves
 Sluice Valve – controls the flow of water in a pipeline.
 Reflux Valve – is an automatic device used to allow water to flow in one direction only.
 Scour Valve – also a sluice valve provided at dead-ends or depressions of mains. This is operated by hand
to wash out silt or sand deposited in the pipeline.
 Air-Relief Valve – water contains some quantity of air. When it flows, the air tries to accumulate at high
points of the pipeline. This may cause air lock reducing the discharge in the pipe. An air-relief valve is a
device which automatically allows air to escape through it.
2. Fire Hydrants – is a device from which water can be drawn in case of fire.
2 types of fire hydrants
 Flush Hydrant – is provided under the street foot-path in a masonry chamber with an iron cover.
 Post Hydrant – projects 1-2 m above the road. This is more easily located in emergency but likely to be
misused. In this type, when a key is inserted the valve is lowered. The water then rises and is drawn with
house pipe.
3. Water Meters – is a device used for measuring the amounts of water flowing through it.
LEVELS OF WATER SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Levels of water systems in the Philippines

Stand-alone water points (e.g. handpumps, shallow

Level I wells, rainwater collectors) serving an average of 15
households within a 250-meter distance

Piped water with a communal water point (e.g.

Level II borewell, spring system) serving an average of 4-6
households within a 25-meter distance

Piped water supply with a private water point (e.g.

Level III house connection) based on a daily water demand of
more than 100 liters per person
 SERVICE PROVIDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Local Government Units
Most households in the Philippines are provided water by their Local Government Units (LGUs), either
directly through a city or municipal engineering department or through community-based organizations
(CBOs). CBOs usually operate Level I or Level II water supply systems with support from the national
government or non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In many cases, the CBOs later convert Level I and
II facilities into Level III supply systems. Typically, all LGU-operated arrangements do not recover their full
costs and rely heavily on local government subsidies.
2. Water Districts
A water district is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the municipality. To form a water
district, the local government needs confirmation from the Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration
(LWUA), a specialized lending institution for provincial waterworks, from which it will receive technical
assistance and financial support. The local government appoints the board members of the water districts.
This system typically has better performance and higher cost recovery than water systems that are run
directly by municipalities. The Philippine Association of Water Districts (PAWD), fosters the exchange of
experiences between water districts and provides training to its members.
3. Large-scale Private Operators
These private water service providers provide Level III services together with
water districts.
4. Small-scale independent providers
A significant share of the population in urban areas receive services from
small-scale independent providers.
 BENCHMARKING OF WATER UTILITY

Local Government Units (LGU) Water Districts Private Operators

Quality of supply Level I, II, and III Level III Level III

Availability (hours per day) 19 23 22

Consumption (liters per capita per day) 112 120 144

Staff (per 100 connections) 8 7 6

Tariff (Philippine peso per cubic meter) 7.60 17.82 15.37

National Water and Resources Board National Water and Resources Board
Economic Regulation According to contract
(NWRB) (NWRB)

Local Waterworks and Utilities

Financing Public, NGOs, Tariffs Tariffs
Administration (LWUA), Tariffs
 ECONOMIC ASPECTS
WATER BILL INFORMATION
1. Current Charges Before Tax
 Basic charge: This covers the cost of operating, maintaining, improving and expanding the distribution
network, as well as the facilities responsible for bringing potable water to the end user. The Basic Charge
is based on the latest approved tariff schedule.
 Foreign Currency Different Adjustment (FCDA): This is a percentage of the Basic Charge which
accounts for fluctuations of the Philippine Peso against other countries' currencies subject to periodic
review and adjustment.
 Environmental Charge: This is for the mitigation of environmental impacts in the course of water and
wastewater operation. It is 20% of the Basic Charge applicable to all customers.
 Sewer Charge: 0% of the Basic Charge is added for Residential and Semi-Business customers with a
sewer line connection. 30% of Basic Charge, on the other hand, is charged for Commercial and Industrial
customers.
 Maintenance Service Charge: This covers the maintenance of the water meter. The charge changes
depending on the size of the water meter. The minimum charge is 1.50 Philippine pesos for a 13mm-sized
meter.
2. Value Added Tax
The value added tax (VAT) is charged by the government and accounts to 12% of
the sum of the items included in current charges before tax.
3. Other charges
These are special miscellaneous charges such as connection fees, unscheduled
desludging of septic tank service fees, etc.
4. Previous Unpaid Amount
This pertains to charges billed prior to the billing period. This should be settled
immediately together with the current charges to avoid disconnection of water
service.
5. Tariff
The fragmented sector led to different tariff structures and levels according to the
respective management model. The connection fees, which are charged in most of
the cases, often impede new connections for poverty-stricken areas.
 LGU-operated systems In LGUs where LGUs provide Level I or II services, they
usually charge no or very low tariffs, although connection fees are common. The
costs of providing the service are usually met by local governments
 Water Districts an average tariff for the first 10m³ and increasing tariffs for
additional consumption somewhat lower than among private operators.
 Other Users who rely on other sources such as private small-scale operators mostly
pay more for water. In the capital region, it is a common practice to buy water from
MWSS and resell. In this case, small-scale operators pay a higher tariff than the
residential one and pass the higher cost on to the end-user.
 POLICY
General policies concerning the water and sanitation sector are formulated by the:
1. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in its MTPDP
2. The Department of Public Works and Highways provides technical assistance in
rural water supply systems.
3. National standards for drinking water quality, as well as standards concerning
sanitation and sewerage collection, are set by the Department of Health.
4. The Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the
lead ministry for implementing water sector legislation, whereas the
Department of Finance takes the lead in financing water policies at the national
level.
5. The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) under the DENR is responsible for
water resources management.
The responsibilities are defined by the 1976 National Water Code and
the 2004 Clean Water Act, which consolidated laws on water supply
and sanitation and water resources management.
1976 National Water Code (PD 1067)
1. Presidential Decree No. 1067the 1976 National Water Code
The Water Code was an intended solution to revise and consolidate
regulations made on the ownership, appropriation, utilization,
exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water
resources in the country. Founded on the principle that "All waters
belong to the State," the National Water Resources Council was then
created and tasked to control and regulate the use and development of
water resources in behalf of the government.
2. Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275)
Republic Act 9275 provides for a comprehensive water quality management policy amidst
economic growth. The policy provides for the consistent protection, preservation and revival of the
quality of Philippine waters with frameworks patterned through the pursuit of sustainable
development. Importantly provided for by this act are Water Quality Management Systems and
Institutional Mechanisms. Institutional Mechanisms emphasized the collaborative efforts made in
the hopes of having cleaner and better quality water through the Lead Agency (DENR); the Roles of
Local Government Units in sharing the responsibility of maintaining and improving water quality
within their territorial jurisdictions; the Business and Industry Role in formulating incentives for the
adoption of innovative equipment and processes that preserve and protect water bodies; and
Linkage Mechanisms through partnerships with government agencies and departments such as the
Philippine Coast Guard, DPWH, Department of Agriculture (DA), DOH, Department of Science
and Technology (DOST), Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) and Department of the Interior and the Local Government (DILG).
 Government Agencies and Institutions
1. Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration (LWUA)
The LWUA is a specialized lending institution that promotes and oversees the
development of provincial waterworks. It is also entrusted with setting water quality and
service standards for water districts. Furthermore, it provides technical assistance and is
sometimes involved in the districts through board members.
2. National Water and Resources Board (NWRB
The National Water and Resources Board (NWRB) is the forefont government agency
which handles the Philippines water sectors’ policies, regulations and quasi-judicial
functions. It acts accordingly with the principles of the
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) as it ensures the efficiency,
conservation, utilization, development and protection of the state’s water supply. Its
functions and responsibilities.
3. Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC)
Executive Order No. 577 which was passed last January 12, 1980, aims to provide full coverage of water
supply services in the country. In line with this, RWDC was established to bring and administer water
supply in areas with less than 20,000 as population. RWDC works together with LWUA in determining
areas under their jurisdiction.
4. Department of Interior and Local Government
Concerning local government-managed systems, the Department of Interior and Local Government
(DILG) defines and enforces quality and performance standards. However, in both cases, local
governments retain the responsibilities for planning, financing, and regulating water supply.
5. Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation
The Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation (PCWS) provides technical assistance to local
governments, communities, and non-profits on low-cost water supply and sanitation options. It also
engages in action research with households. It leads the Philippines water sanitation and health (WASH)
coalition of non-profit organizations and local governments. It was created in 1990 under the name of
International Training Network (ITN) and adopted its current name in 1998.
 ISSUES IN WATER SUPPLY
1. Drinking water quality
Water quality usually does not meet the standards set by the national government, especially in
urban areas. As a result, waterborne diseases remain to be a severe public health concern in the
country.
2. Non-revenue water
Non-revenue water (NRW) is defined as the difference between the amount of water put into
the distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers. It is usually used as an
indicator for water utility performance. High levels of non-revenue water usually indicate low
quality water utility. It has three components: physical losses, which consist of leakage from
the system caused by poor operations and maintenance, the lack of active leakage control, and
poor quality of underground assets; commercial losses caused by under-registration of water
meters, errors in data handling, and theft, and unbilled authorized consumption which includes
water used by a specific utility for operational purposes (e.g. firefighting and specific
consumer groups).
3. Labor Productivity
Private utilities, on average, performed best and systems which were directly
managed by LGUs performed worst. Not surprisingly, providers with more
than 10,000 connections need significantly fewer employees per connection
than those with fewer than 10,000 connections.
4. Population and Pollution
One third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply. It is
estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of
the 19 major river basins. Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to
problems in the Fishing and Tourism industries. With rapid increase in population,
urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine waters is reduced especially
in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities.
 MAIN SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Domestic wastewater discharges consist of sewage
containing organic waste, solids, and coliforms produced by
domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and
other kitchen activities
2. Agricultural wastewate contain pollutants resulting from
agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of
piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater
treatment facilities
3. Industrial wastewater manufacturing of food, textile, paper,
and slaughterhouses emit large amounts of organic waste
5. El Niño and Global Warming
El Niño a weather phenomenon occurring about every two to seven years when warm water in the
western tropical Pacific Ocean shifts Eastward, causing ocean temperatures to be warm. Its occurrence
has increased due to climate change as a result of global warming. Its negative impacts may either be
heavy rainfall or drought. El Niño greatly impacts the power supply, water supply, and agricultural
sectors of the country. The reduced rainfall leading to drought causes shortage in water supply leading
to the rationing of water in some situations, shortage in hydropower supply, and food supply
6. Denudation of Forest Cover
The supply of water from most freshwater bodies usually come from watersheds --- patches of forest
cover that absorb rainwater and channel it into streams, rivers, and eventually dams where many human
communities (especially Metro Manila) source their freshwater. Despite the role of the forest in the
replenishment and maintenance of both ground and surface water, the Philippines is considered to be one
of the most severely deforested countries in the tropics as it lost more than 97% of its original forest cover
in the last 50 years.
7. Saltwater Intrusion
The over-pumping of groundwater results to cones of depression
which increase the risk of saltwater intrusion. Saline intrusion was
found to have improved conditions because of the conversion of
water source from groundwater to surface water upon the
completion of the Water Supply. Aside from excessive withdrawal
of groundwater, seepage of brackish water along the Pasig River is
another cause of saltwater intrusion because of seawater
movement during tides.
 QUEZON METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT (QMWD) INTERVIEW
1. What are your sources of water?
-15 wells
-6 springs
 May-it Spring – 722.80 lps
 Ibia Spring – 39.90 lps
 Lalo Grande – 36.46 lps
 Lalo Pequeno – 10.00 lps
 Dapdap A & B – 25.00 pls
-Deep well, Bocohan, Isabang and Iyam
 Total Rated Capacity:
- Pumped : 1,016,287
- Gravity : 1,732,512
2. How many barangays are you supplying?
-31 in Lucena
-28 in tayabas
-15 in Pagbilao
3. Where has the highest demand of water?
-Highest Demand of water is in Lucena, Poblacion
4. Why are the other barangays had time limits of using water each
day?
-Scarcity or shortage of source of water supply
5. When is the price of water is high and why is it cost high?
-When there is shortage of water sources specially during summer
-It costs high because of the chlorination process, if the gasoline price is
high and the workers salary
6. What are the process you do to make the water safe to drink?
-Chlorination is the treatment
-Chlorine treatment, household .3 ppm parts per million is milligram it
depends on source
-Chlorination is everyday
7. How is the process of water supply in public and private
-Commercial rate is higher than residential
8. What are the problems that you encounter most and what solutions
did you do?
-Blowing of Basket Part because of long usage and old system, pipelines
placed over the rocks PVC
9. What is the most important responsibility of your company to the
people as the main supplier of water?
1. To serve an effective and efficient public service that shall ensure the
delivery of safe, potable, 24 hours daily water supply at an affordable cost
to the concessionaries of Lucena City, Tayabas City and Pagbilao.
2. To safeguard and maintain the existing water resources, waterworks
facilities and structures such as:
• Source of supply
 Treatment
 Reservoir
 Distribution/Transmission Facilities
 Pumping Facilities
To meet increasing demand and to serve areas not covered by existing facilities
4. To harness alterative resources of water supply
5. To reduce non-revenue water to atleast a minimum of 25%
6. To improve the district’s management information system, operational efficiency
and financial viability
7. to enhance the water district’s public relations
8. To participate actively in the protection and development of watershed-environment
9. To create an environment that will contribute to the development and progress of the
community

REFERRENCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING BY A KAMALA, D L KANTH RAO