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d ( x x) ( y y)
2 1
2
2 1
2
STRAIGHT LINE
A STRAIGHT LINE is a line that does not change in
direction. Thu it has a uniform slope.
run x2 x1
where:
m is positive if the line is inclined upwards to the right.
m is negative if the line is inclined downwards to the right.
m is zero for horizontal lines.
STANDARD EQUATIONS OF LINES
1. Point- Slope Form
Given a point P1 (x1,y1) and slope its m:
y - y1 = m (x - x1)
2. Slope- intercept form
Given a slope m and y-intercept;
y = mx + b
3. Intercept form
Given x-intercept a and y-intercept b:
x y
1
a b
STANDARD EQUATIONS OF LINES
y y1 y2 y1
m
x x1 x 2 x 1
NOTE : All these four standard equations can be reduced ito the
point slope form.
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
2 1
m 2 m 1
tan
1 m..1 m2
Ax1 By 1 C
d
A2 B 2
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
Use of sign:
(+) if B is a positive number
(-) if B is a negative number
(+) if the point is above the line or to the right of the line for
a vertical line
(-) if the point is below the line or to the left of the line for a
vertical line
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
That is:
If B is positive and the point is above the line, then use
(+)(+)=(+)
If B is positive and the point is below the line, then use
(+)(-)=(-)
If B is negative and the point is above the line, then use
(-)(+)=(-)
If B is negative and the point is below the line, then use
(-)(-)=(+)
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
Ax.1 By2. C
d
A2 B2
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES
C2. C1.
d
A B
2 2
y1.r2 y2.r 1
y
rr1 2
MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT
x1 x 2
xm
2
y y
y 1 2
m 2
AREA OF POLYGON BY COORDINATES
a locus (or path) of a point that moves such that the ratio of
its distance from a fixed point (called the focus) and a fixed line
(called the directix) is constant. This constant ratio is called
eccentricity, e of the conic.
was based on the fact that these are sections formed if a
plane is made to pass though a cone.
CONIC SECTION
Ax2+Bxy+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
If B ≠ 0, the axis of the conic is oblique with the coordinate axes
(i.e. not parallel to the X or Y axes). Thus, if the axis is parallel to
either X or Y-axes, the equation becomes:
Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
From the foregoing equations:
If B2 < 4AC, the conic is an ellipse.
If B2 = 4AC, the conic is an parabola.
If B2 > 4AC, the conic is an hyperbola.
GENERAL EQUATIONS OF CONICS
Elements of Ellipse
ELLIPSE
Elements of Hyperbola
HYPERBOLA
Equations of Asymptote
POLAR COORDINATES