Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Nicholas Panay
Consultant Gynaecologist, Queen Charlotte’s & Chelsea
Hospital, Honorary Senior Lecturer Imperial College
► Neurasthenia
► Insanity
► Menstrual madness
► Nymphomania
► Masturbation
► Moral insanity
► Hysteria
► History
Primary PMS: Complete resolution of
symptoms at onset of menstruation Dalton
(1977)
► Biological ►Psychological
Glucocorticoids
Androgens
►Social & evolutionary
Prolactin
Fluid retention ►Genetic
Vitamin deficiency
•A
•B6
Antidiuretic hormone
Reactive hypoglycaemia
Prostaglandins
•excess
•deficiency
•prolactin hypersensitivity
Endogenous opiate peptides
•mid luteal increase
•premenstrual withdrawal
Endogenous hormone allergy
Menstrual toxin
Magnesium deficiency
Neurotransmitters
•cholinergic
•catecholamines
•serotonin
Melatonin
Premenstrual Syndrome
Aetiology
► Serotonin
• Lower platelet concentrations
• Lower luteal phase levels
• Enhanced sensitivity to progesterone
• Levels elevated by oestradiol
• SSRIs effective for PMDD
► GABA
• Major inhibitory system in CNS
• Low levels of GABA in mood disorders
• Low levels in women with PMDD during late
luteal phase
► Allopregnanolone
• Metabolite of progesterone – potent neurotransmitter
• Positive modulator of GABA receptor
• Bimodal Action on mood symptoms
High levels anxiolytic
Low levels lead to emotional lability
Genazzani J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, EJE 2000 Gyne Endocrinol 2004,
Bicikova Horm Metab Res 1998, Miczek Horm Behav 2003
The triad of Oestrogen Responsive
Depressive Disorders
Postnatal depression
Premenstrual depression
Climacteric depression
Premenstrual Syndrome
Proposed Treatments for PMS
► Pharmacological ► Psychological & Social
Diuretics Support
Bromocriptine
Magnesium
Desensitization
► Miscellaneous
Physical Activity
GnRH analogues
Diet
Psychoactive drugs
-SSRI inhibitors
Hypnosis
-tranquillizers Meditation
-lithium Yoga
Prostaglandin mediators Acupuncture
-PG synthetase inhibitors, g linolenic acid Bilateral oophorectomy
Vitamins Radiation menopause
-B6, A, E
Sex hormones
-progesterone
-progestogens
-combined pill
-danazol
-LHRH analogues
-oestradiol implants and patches
-androgens
Management of Mild / Moderate PMS
Healthier lifestyle
Nutrition
Moderate/severe PMS
Resistant PMS
GnRHa + add-back
Resistant PMS
TAH BSO HRT
Premenstrual Syndrome
Treatment - Ovulation Suppression Agents
COCP
► Graham & Sherwin (1992) J Psych
Res
► Little benefit with COCP despite
ovulation suppression.
progestogenic PMS-like side
effect & pill free week
► Rapkin (2003)
Psychoneuroendocrinol
anti-androgenic, anti-
mineralocorticoid progestogen,
drosperinone –Yasmin COCP
showing promise
Premenstrual Syndrome
Treatment - Yasmin®
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (months)
-10 -8 -6 -2 -2 0 2
Standard mean differences
Wyatt et al 2004
Premenstrual Syndrome: Pathophysiology,
Definition of the Disease and Treatment Options
Summary
Summary
► Licensing of
Yaz® for PMS/PMDD in Europe
Long Cycle COCPs
Transdermal oestradiol
GnRHa + add-back for severe PMS
Thank you for your attention!