A force acting parallel or tangential to a section taken

through a material (i.e. in the plane of the material) is called a

shear force
The shear force intensity, i.e. shear force divided by the area
over which it acts, is called the average shear stress, 
 = shear stress
V = shear force
A = cross-sectional area
 Shear stress arises as a result of the direct action of forces
trying to cut through a material, it is known as direct shear
force

Shear stresses can also arise indirectly as a result of tension,

torsion or bending of a member.

41
 Depending on the type of connection, a connecting
element (bolt, rivet, pin) may be subjected to single
shear or double shear as shown.

Rivet in Single Shear

V P
 
A d2

4

42
Rivet in Double Shear
V P 2P
   2
A d 2
d
2( )
4
Example 1.9
For the 12 mm diameter bolt shown in the bolted joint below,
determine the average shearing stress in the bolt.

43
Single Shear Double Shear

P F
 ave  
A A P F
 ave  
A 2A
 The effect of shear stress is to distort the shape of a
body by inducing shear strains
 The shear strain,  is a measure of the angular
distortion of the body.

x
V

L 

x
 
L (units: degrees, radians)

44
 Bolts, pins and rivets create stress
in the members they connect,
along the bearing surface or
surface of contact. It is also
known as contact stress.

Bearing stress in shaft key;

P M r 2M
b   
Ab (h 2) L rhL

Bearing stress in rivet and plate;

P
b 
td
45
 It also known as Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the
Modulus of Rigidity.
 Value of shear modulus can be obtained from the linear
region of shear stress-strain diagram.

  G (Unit : Pa)

 The Modulus Young (E), Poisson’s ratio() and the

Modulus of rigidity (G) can be related as

E
G 
2(1   )

48
 Becauseof the change in the dimensions of a body as
a result of tension or compression, the volume of the
body also changes within the elastic limit.

 Considera rectangular parallel piped having sides a,

b and c in the x, y and z directions, respectively.

58
 The tensile force P causes an axial elongation of a
and lateral contractions of b and c in the x, y,
and z directions respectively. Hence,
Initial
body

Initial volume of body, Vo = abc

Final volume, Vf = (a + a)(b - b)(c - c)

= abc(1 + )(1 - )2
59
Expanding and neglecting higher orders of  (since  is
very small),

Final volume, Vf = abc(1 +  - 2)

Change in volume,
V = Final Volume - Initial Volume
= abc(1 +  - 2 ) - abc
= abc(1 +  - 2  - 1)
= abc( - 2 )
= Vo (1 - 2)
Hence,

60
 Isotropic material is subjected to general triaxial
stress x, y and z.
 Since all strain satisfy  << 1, so v = x + y + z
x = 1
E

 x  ( y   z ) 

y =
1
E

 y  ( x   z ) 

z =
1
E

 z  ( x   y ) 

1  2
v  ( x   y   z )
E
 Applied load that is less than the load the member can fully
support. (maximum load)

 One method of specifying the allowable load for the design or

analysis of a member is use a number called the Factor of Safety
(FS).

FS > 1

Allowable-Stress Design
 If a bar is fixed at both ends, as shown in
fig. (a), two unknown axial reactions
occurs, and the force equilibrium equation
becomes;
 Fy  0;
FB  FA  P  0
• In this case, the bar is called statically
indeterminate, since the equilibrium
equation are not sufficient to determine
the reactions.
• the relative displacement of one end of the bar
with respect to the other end is equal to zero
since the ends supports are fixed. Hence; A / B 0

• the relationship between the forces acting on

the bar and its changes in length are known as
force-displacement relations
 PL
A / B  0,  A  B  0 FB  FA  P  0, FA  P  FB
AE
• Realizing that the internal force in segment AC is +FA, and in segment CB,
the internal force is –FB. Therefore, the equation can be written as;
FA L AC FBLCB
 0 F L L L 
AE AE P  FB  B CB P  FB  CB  AC 
L AC  L AC L AC 
FA L AC FBLCB  L  L AC 
 F L
P  B CB  FB
AE AE P  FB  CB 

L AC
F L AE  L AC 
FA  B CB  L 
AE L AC P  FB  CB  1  L 
P  FB  

F L  L AC   AC 
L
FA  B CB
L AC L 
FB  P AC 
 L 
Example
   FX  0,  FA  FB  20(103 )N  0................(1)
FB  20(103 )  FA

B / A  0.001m
A  B  0.001m
FA L AC FB L CB
  0.001m
AE AE
FA (0.4m ) FB(0.8m )
  0.001m
   0.0025m    200  10 Nm     0.0025m    200  10 Nm 
2 9 2 2 9 2
       
or
FA (0.4m )  FB (0.8m )  3927.0N................( 2)
Substitute eq (1)int o eq ( 2)
FA (0.4m )  ( 20, 000N  FA )(0.8m)  3927.0N
FA  16.6kN
FB  3.39kN
Example

Answer
Solution:   Fy  0, FA  FC  FE  15(103 )N  0................(1)
CCW   M C  0
 FA ( 0.4)  15(103 )( 0.2)  FE ( 0.4)  0 ...........( 2)

The applied load will cause the horizontal line

ACE move to inclined line A’C’E’
A  E   E
 C
0.8 0.4
C   E  A   E

0.4 0.8
  E
C   E  A  0. 4
0.8
0.4 A  0.4 E
C   E
0.8
C  0.5 A  0.5E
FC LCD  FA L AB   FE L EF 
 0.5    0 .5  
1.5  105 E st 5
 2.5  10 E st 
5
 2.5  10 E st 
FC (0.5)  FA (0.5)   FE (0.5) 
 0. 5    0 . 5  
1.5  105 E st 5
 2.5  10 E st 
5
 2.5  10 E st 
33.33  103 FC  10  103 FA  10  103 FE
10  103 FA  10  103 FE
FC 
33.33  103
FC  0.3FA  0.3FE .................eq(3)
  Fy  0, FA  FC  FE  15(103 )N  0................(1)
CCW   M C  0
 FA (0.4)  15(103 )(0.2)  FE (0.4)  0 ...........( 2)
FC  0.3FA  0.3FE .................eq(3)
Substitute eq ( 4) int o eq( 2)
 FA (0.4)  15(103 )(0.2)  FE (0.4)  0
Substitute eq (3) int o eq(1)
 FA (0.4)  3(103 )  ( 0.4) 11.538(103 )  FA   0
FA  FC  FE  15(10 )N  0................(1)
3  
 FA (0.4)  3(103 )  4.615(103 )  0.4FA  0
FA  (0.3FA  0.3FE )FE  15(10 )  0
3

7.615103
1.3FA  1.3FE  15(10 ) 3 FA 
0.8
15(103 )  1.3FA  9.519(103 )
FE 
1. 3  9.52kN
FE 11.538(103 )  FA .......................eq( 4)
Re place FA  9.52kN int o eq ( 4)
 9.52kN
FE 11.538(103 )  FA
11.538(103 )  9.52(103 )
 2.02 kN
Re place FE  2.02 kN int o eq(3)
FC  0.3FA  0.3FE
 0.3(9.519(103 )  0.3( 2.02  103 )
 3.462 kN