Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Transient Overvoltages
1.Introduction
• Transient Phenomenon :
– Aperiodic function of time
– Short duration
• Example :Voltage & Current Surge :
(The current surge are made up of charging or discharging capacitive
currents that introduced by the change in voltages across the shunt
capacitances of the transmission system)
– Lightning Surge
– Switching Surge
Impulse Voltage Waveform
2.Traveling Wave
• Disturbance represented by
closing or opening the switch S.
• If Switch S closed, the line
suddenly connected to the
source.
• The whole line is not energized
instantaneously.
• Processed :
– When Switch S closed
– The first capacitor becomes
charged immediately
– Because of the first series
inductor (acts as open circuit),
the second capacitor is delayed
• This gradual buildup of voltage
over the line conductor can be
regarded as a voltage wave is
traveling from one end to the
other end
Voltage & Current Function
• vf=v1(x-t) • Zc=(L/C)½
• vb=v2(x+t) • If=vf/Zc
• = 1/(LC) • Ib=vb/Zc
• v(x,t)=vf + vb • I(x,t)=If + Ib
• vf=Zcif • I(x,t)=(C/L) ½
• vb=Zcib [v1(x-t) -v2(x+t)]
2.1 Velocity of Surge Propagation
• P=vi Watt
• Ws= ½ Cv2 ; Wm= ½ Li2
• W=Ws+Wm = 2 Ws = 2 Wm = Cv2 = Li2
• P=W = Li2 /(LC) = i2 Zc = v2 / Zc
2.3 Superposition of Forward and
Backward-Traveling Wave
3. Effects of Line Termination
• Assuming vf, if,vb and ib are the instantaneous
voltage and current.
Hence the instantaneous voltage and current at
the point discontinuity are :
• v(x,t)=vf + vb and I(x,t)=If + Ib
• I=vf/Zc - vb/Zc and iZc=vf – vb
• v + iZc= 2vf so v=2vf=iZc
• vf = ½ (v+iZc) and vb = ½ (v+iZc) or
vb= vf-iZc
3.1 Line Termination in Resistance
v iR v 2f
Pf
2 Zc
i vf
R Zc vb2
Pb
R Zc Zc
vf
2R
PR
v 2
v vb
2
R Zc
f
vb vf R R
R Zc
Pf Pb PR
3.2 Line Termination in Impedance (Z)
2 Z Zc
i if vf v
Z Zc 2R
2Z Z Zc
v vf vb vf
Z Zc Z Zc
v v f vb v f
2Z Z Zc
Z Zc Z Zc
• Line is terminated with its characteristic impedance :
– Z=Zc
– =0, no reflection (infinitely long)
• Z>Zc
– vb is positive
– Ib is negative
– Reflected surges increased voltage and reduced current
• Z<Zc
– vb is negative
– Ib is positive
– Reflected surges reduced voltage and increased current
• Zs and ZR are defined as the sending-end and receiving
end.
Z s Zc Z R Zc
• s ; R
Z s Zc Z R Zc
3.3 Open-Circuit Line Termination
2(1 / Cs) v f 2v f 1
2Z v( s )
Z c 1 / Cs s s Z cCs 1
Z Zc 2v f
1 / Z cC 1 1
2(1 / Cs) 2v f
s s 1 / Z cC s s 1 / Z cC
Z c 1 / Cs So :
v v f v(t ) 2v f (1 e t / Z cC )
2v f
i (t ) e t / Z c C
Zc
vb (t ) v f (1 2e t / Z cC )
3.6 Termination Through Inductor
( Zc / L )t
v(t ) 2v f e
2v f ( Z c / L ) t
i (t ) (1 e )
Zc
vb (t ) v(t ) v f (t )
( Z c / L ) t
vb (t ) v f (2e 1)
4. Junction of Two Line
vf v f vb v
if
Z c1 i f ib i
vb vf vb v
ib
Z c1 Z c1 Z c1 Z c 2
i
v Z c1
2v f 1 v
Zc2 Zc2
2Z c 2 v 2
v vf
Pf
f
Z c1 Z c 2
Z c1
2 Z c1
i if v 2
Z c1 Z c 2 P
Z c 2 Z c1 Zc2
vb vf
Z c1 Z c 2 v 2
Z c1 Z c 2 Pb b
ib if Z c1
Z c1 Z c 2
5. Junction of Several Line
Example:
2v f Zc2
v
Z c1 Z c 2 / 2 2
2Z c1
v if
Z c1 Z c 2 / 2
2v f
if
Z c1 Z c 2 / 2
6. Bewley Lattice Diagram