Water Fire Protection Systems

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Fire Fighting
Water system discussion
Prepared by Eng / Ahmed Elgazar.
‫إهداء‬
‫إلي جروب‬
#Arab_mep_engineer
Content
Water system discussion

1- type of sprinkler water system
2- sprinkler selection
3- sprinkler distribution and piping
4- sprinkler hydraulic calculation
5- standpipe systems
6- stationary fire pump
Introduction
NFPA : National fire protection association
We use expression protection because nfpa related with
1- fire alarm
2- fire fighting
3- smoke management
Fire Definition
Fire, known as combustion, is the process of rapid
oxidation at high
temperatures. This releases hot gases, light, and invisible
forms of radiation energy.
Introduction
Fire triangle :
1- heat
2- fuel
3-suffiecent percentage of O2
Oxygen must be below 16 % to prevent fire
NFPA
Common code:
Nfpa 1 Uniform Fire Code
Nfpa 10 Portable Fire Extinguishers
Nfpa 11 Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam
Nfpa 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
Nfpa 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems
Nfpa 14 Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
Nfpa 20 Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection
Nfpa 22 Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection
Nfpa 25 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
Protection Systems
Nfpa 92A Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure
Differences
Nfpa 99 Health Care Facilities
Nfpa 101 Life Safety Code
Nfpa 750 Water Mist Fire Protection Systems
Nfpa 2001 Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
Nfpa 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code
Approved organization
1- ul Underwriters Laboratories
2- c-ul ( CSA ) Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada
3-FM Factory Mutual Research Corporation
4-LPS Loss Prevention Standards
5- VDS Verband der Schadenversicherer
Fire fighting systems
1- water systems
2- gas systems ( Co2 , FM200 , aresol , novac, …
3- foom system
Water systems
Sprinkler system
1- wet system
2- dry system
3- pre action system
4- deluge system
5- anti freeze system
Standpipe system
System component
1- water tank
2- pump
3- control valve
4- water discharge element ( sprinkler , hose )
Wet system
Is the most common system
Wet system
General information
Gauges on both sides of the main valve, register pressure on the supply
and system sides,
A retard chamber prevents sudden pressure surges which could cause a

false alarm,
An alarm check valve detects water flow and activates the alarm system,
Wet system
Control valve
Wet system
Control valve
• Wet system is common System in sprinkler
systems.
• Water fill all pipe from pump to sprinkler.
• When fire happen sprinkler bulb broken water
begin in dropped the pressure in the system
side reduce and the gate (clapper ) open to
supply the system with pressurized water.
• After clapper open water through alarm
outlet forward to fill retard chamber then run
the conge
Wet system
Control valve retard chamber
• Alarm check valve have
retard chamber
to accumulate leakage
water before the gong
• Retard chamber have
automatic drain to drain little leakage
Wet system
Control valve animation
Control valve animation
Dry system
Dry system
General information
• Pipes are not filled with water (but with pressurized
gas or air),
• Heat from a fire opens a sprinkler head,
• Air pressure drops in the piping and opens a water
valve (the dry-pipe valve)
• Gas, air shall have compressor to keep the pressure.
• System shall have two pressure gauge one in the side
of gas and other in the side of water
Dry system
General information
• Pipes are not filled with water (but with pressurized gas
or air),
• Air pressure drops in the piping and opens a water valve
(the dry-pipe valve)
• Gas, air shall have compressor to keep the pressure and
Air maintenance devices
• System shall have two pressure gauge one in the side of
gas and other in the side of water
• Pressure of gas shall be accordance of dry pipe valve
datasheet
Dry system
General information
• Pipes are not filled with water (but with pressurized
gas or air),
• Air pressure drops in the piping and opens a water
valve (the dry-pipe valve)
• Gas, air shall have compressor to keep the pressure
and Air maintenance devices
• System shall have two pressure gauge one in the side
of gas and other in the side of water
Dry system
Air supply
• You can use air or other approved gas (
nitrogen,….)
• The compressed air supply shall be from a source
available at all times
• Pressure of air shall be 20 psi (1.4 bar )
• Check valve shall be installed in air supply line to
prevent water ,air flow from one system to
other.
• Quick-Opening Devices shall be installed
• Air Maintenance devise
Dry system
Air supply
7.2.3.3 A system size of not more than 500 gal (1893 L) shall
be permitted without a quick-opening device and shall not be
required to meet any specific water delivery requirement to
the inspection test connection.
7.2.3.4 A system size of not more than 750 gal (2839 L) shall
be permitted with a quick-opening device and shall not be
required to meet any specific water delivery requirement to
the inspection test connection.( quotation from NFPA 13 , 2013 )
Dry system
Air supply
Dry system
Air supply
• Quick-Opening Devices important
• Its
reduce the time delay between the
operation of the first sprinkler and the entrance of

water into the sprinkler piping of a dry pipe system to
obtain the delivery water time
Dry system
delivery time
Delivery time : The total time between the opening of
the inspector’s test valve and the water delivery to
the test valve
Dry system
Air supply
• Quick-Opening Devices operation
when 1st sprinkler run the
pressure from piping system
Pressure in chamber #3
reduce Than chamber #1. then
Pressure variation in the diaphragm
Downward the arm to open
Exhaust valve ,air from exhaust
Valve go down the clapper of
Dry pipe valve to increase time
Of delivery.
Dry system
Air supply
7.2.6.6.2 Where the air compressor supplying the dry
pipe system has a capacity less than 5.5 ft3/min (156
L/min) at 10 psi (0.7 bar), an air receiver or air
maintenance device shall not be required.(nfpa 13,2013)
7.2.6.6.4 A check valve or other positive backflow
prevention device shall be installed in the air supply to
each system to prevent airflow or water flow from one
system to another. .(nfpa 13,2013)
Dry system
Air supply
• The By-Pass Valve is opened to fast fill the system
during the initial pressurization
• The Restrictor Check Valve prevents the unloader
valve from bleeding down the system.
• The Pressure Switch will automatically transfer its
contacts at the cut-in pressure to start the air
compressor and then shut off the air compressor
once the cut-out pressure is reached.
Dry system
Air supply
• .
Dry system
Dry pipe valve
• .
Dry system
Dry pipe valve
Air side
• From the geometry of
Dry pipe valve the air side
Area larger than water
Area To magnitude
the same force In little pressure
Air side ( P * A ) =
water side ( p * A)
• Valve consist of hole to
attached with main drain
valve which use in reset
system after control the fire
Water side
• The both side ( air , water ) have
pressure gauge .
• Valve must be have connection to quick open device.
Dry system
Dry pipe valve operation in fire
Deluge System
Deluge System
general information
• Pipes are not filled with water (or gas),
• All sprinkler heads are pre-opened,
• A signal from a detection device mechanically opens a
water valve,
 water fills the pipes and flows from all heads,
 water flows until shut off,
 system is reset
Deluge System
Deluge valve
Deluge System
Deluge valve
• Deluge valve work by electrical signal from detector
• At ideal case ( no fire ) the push rod press lever to
close clapper.
• Pressurized water enter from push rode chamber inlet
to press the push rode and the pipe connected with
chamber outlet have normally closed solenoid to keep
the pressure in the chamber
• At fire case detector send electrical signal to solenoid
to open and reduce press in the push rod ,return
spring pull rode from lever to let clapper open
Pre action System
General information
• Pipes are not filled with water,
• All sprinkler heads are of the standard type (they are
closed),
• A detection device opens a water valve,
Water fills the pipes,
• Water only flows from a sprinkler head if it is opened by
heat from a fire,
• Water flows until shut off and system is reset
Pre action System
General information
• Type of pre action system
1- A single interlock system, which admits water to sprinkler
piping upon operation of detection devices
2- A non-interlock system, which admits water to sprinkler
piping upon operation of detection devices or automatic
Sprinklers
3- A double interlock system, which admits water to sprinkler
piping upon operation of both detection devices and
automatic sprinklers
Pre action System
Control valve
• The same deluge valve
Pre action System.
System size
1- Single and Non-Interlock Pre action Systems. Not more
than 1000 automatic sprinklers shall be controlled by any
one pre action valve
2-A system size for double interlock pre action systems
of not more than 500 gal (1893 L) shall be permitted and
shall not be required to meet any specific water delivery
requirement to the trip test connection.
3-Alisted quick-opening device shall be permitted to be
used
Sprinkler system
component of sprinkler system:

1-tanke
2-pump station
3-control valve
4-zone control valve and network
5-sprinkler
Sprinkler
Man reference NFPA 13 , 2013

Sprinkler
Definitions ;
Sprinkler :A Fire sprinkler is the part of a fire sprinkler
system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have
been detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has
been reached
System Riser: The aboveground horizontal or vertical pipe
between the water supply and the mains (cross or feed) that
contains a control valve (either directly or within its supply
pipe), pressure gauge, drain, and a water flow alarm device.
Cross Mains. The pipes supplying the branch lines, either
directly or through riser nipples.
Branch Lines. The pipes supplying sprinklers, either directly
or through sprigs, drops, return bends, or arm-overs
Sprinkler
Definitions ;
Riser Nipple. Vertical piece of pipe between the main
and branch line
Risers. The vertical supply pipes in a sprinkler system
Response Time Index – RTI: measures the speed of response
of the heat sensitive element
• Traditionally Fast Response Sprinklers have a thermal
element with an RTI of 50 (meters-seconds)1/2 or less. ESFR’s
must have a thermal element with an RTI of 36 (meters
seconds) 1/2 or less
• Standard Response Sprinklers have a thermal element with
an RTI of 80 (meters-seconds)1/2
Sprinkler
General Sprinkler Characteristics ( 3.6.1 )

1- Thermal sensitivity
2- Temperature rating
3- K-factor (orifice size )
4-Installation orientation
5-Special service conditions
Sprinkler
1- Thermal sensitivity
• STANDARD RESPONSE
– 3 Min. 51 Sec. Room Fire Test
– 100 Sec. Plunge Test
• QUICK RESPONSE
– 75 Sec. Room Fire Test
– 14 Sec. Plunge Test
• RESIDENTIAL
– 14 Sec. Plunge
Sprinkler
Sprinkler type : (3.6.4) as thermal sensitivity
We can divided sprinkler by time of response
3.6.4.1 Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) Sprinkler. A type of spray
sprinkler that is capable of producing characteristic large water droplets and
that is listed for its capability to provide fire control of specific high-challenge
fire hazards.
3.6.4.2 Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR) Sprinkler. A type of fast-
response sprinkler that has a thermal element with an RTI of 50 (meters-
seconds)1/2 or less and is listed for its capability to provide fire suppression of
specific high-challenge fire hazards.
3.6.4.10.1 Standard Spray Sprinkler

Sprinkler
2- Temperature rating.
Sprinkler
8.3.2.2 Where maximum ceiling temperatures exceed 100°F (38°C), sprinklers
with temperature ratings in accordance with the maximum ceiling
temperatures of Table 6.2.5.1 shall be used.
8.3.2.3 High-temperature sprinklers shall be permitted to be used throughout

ordinary and extra hazard occupancies, storage occupancies, and as allowed in
this standard and other NFPA codes and standards.
Sprinkler
8.3.2.5* The following practices shall be observed to provide
sprinklers of other than ordinary-temperature classification unless
other temperatures are determined or unless high temperature
sprinklers are used throughout, and temperature selection shall be in
accordance with Table 8.3.2.5(a), Table 8.3.2.5(b), and Figure 8.3.2.5:
Sprinkler
2- Temperature rating (color code ) .
Sprinkler
2- Temperature rating (color code ) fast response .
Sprinkler
3- k – factor (orifice size ) Q=k (p)1/2
Sprinkler
3- k – factor (orifice size ) Q=k (p)1/2
8.3.4.1 Sprinklers shall have a minimum nominal K-factor of
5.6 (80)
8.3.4.2 For light hazard occupancies not requiring as much water as is
discharged by a sprinkler with a nominal K-factor of K-5.6(80)
operating at 7 psi (0.5 bar), sprinklers having a smaller orifice shall be
permitted, subject to the following restrictions:
(1) The system shall be hydraulically calculated.
(2)A listed strainer shall be provided on the supply side of
sprinklers with nominal K-factors of less than K-2.8 (40).
6.2.3.5 CMSA and ESFR K-Factors. Control mode specific
application (CMSA) and early suppression fast-response (ESFR)
sprinklers shall have a minimum nominal K-factor of K-11.2
Sprinkler
4-Installation orientation (3.6.2)
3.6.2.1 Concealed Sprinkler. A recessed sprinkler with cover plate.
3.6.2.2 Flush Sprinkler. A sprinkler in which all or part of the body, including
the shank thread, is mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling.
3.6.2.3 Pendent Sprinkler. A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way
that the water stream is directed downward against the deflector.
3.6.2.4 Recessed Sprinkler. A sprinkler in which all or part of the body, other
than the shank thread, is mounted within a recessed housing.
3.6.2.5 Sidewall Sprinkler. A sprinkler having special deflectors that are
designed to discharge most of the water
away from the nearby wall in a pattern resembling one quarter of a sphere,
with a small portion of the discharge directed at the wall behind the sprinkler.
3.6.2.6 Upright Sprinkler. A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way
that the water spray is directed upwards against the deflector.
Sprinkler
4-Installation orientation (3.6.2)
Sprinkler
We can divided sprinkler by many way
sensitive element
1- glass bulb
2- fusible link
Sprinkler
Selection of sprinkler:
For previous slide we can select write sprinkler that compliable with
nature of building.
Ex :
Standard sprinkler ,1/2 “ , k- 5.6 , pendant , glass bulb
Sprinkler system
classification of system based on occupancy :
1- light hazard
2- ordinary hazard
3- extra hazard
Sprinkler system
1- light hazard ‫كيمة المواد قليله وقوة الحرق ضعيفه‬
Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are
expected
Ex : A.5.2 Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following:
(1) Animal shelters (2) Churches
(3) Clubs
(4) Educational (5) Hospitals, including animal hospitals and veterinary facilities
(6) Institutional (7) Kennels
(8) Libraries, except large stack rooms (9) Museums
(10) Nursing or convalescent homes
(11) Offices, including data processing
(12) Residential
(13) Restaurant seating areas
(14) Theaters and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums
Sprinkler system
2- ordinary hazard
Ordinary hazard contained two group ( ordinary 1 , ordinary 2 )
Ordinary 1 : ‫كمية المواد قليله وقوه الحريق متوسطه‬
5.3.1.1 Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low,
quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not
exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected
Ordinary 2: ‫كمية المواد متوسطه وقوه الحريق متوسطه او عاليه‬
5.3.2.1 Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and
combustibility of contents are moderate to high, stockpiles of contents with
moderate rates of heat release do not exceed 12 ft (3.66 m), and stockpiles of
contents with high rates of heat release do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m)
Sprinkler system
Ordinary 1 :
A.5.3.1 Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occupancies
having uses and conditions similar to the following:
(1) Automobile parking and showrooms
(2) Bakeries ‫المخابز‬
(3) Beverage manufacturing ‫مصانع المشروبات‬
(4) Canneries ‫مصانع التعليب‬
(5) Dairy products manufacturing and processing ‫منتجات االلبان‬
(6) Electronic plants
(7) Glass and glass products manufacturing
(8) Laundries ‫المغاسل‬
(9) Restaurant service areas
Sprinkler system
Ordinary 2 :
A.5.3.2 Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occupancies having
uses and conditions similar to the following: (1)Agricultural facilities
(2) Cereal mills (3) Confectionery products (4) Distilleries
(5) Dry cleaners (6) Feed mills (7) Horse stables (8) Leather goods
manufacturing
(9) Libraries — large stack room areas (10) Machine shops
(11) Metal working (12) Mercantile (13) Paper and pulp mills
(14) Paper process plants (15) Piers and wharves
(16) Plastics fabrication (17) Post offices (18) Printing and publishing (19)
Repair garages (20) Stages (21) Textile manufacturing
(22) Tire manufacturing (23) Tobacco products manufacturing
(24) Wood machining (25) Wood product assembly
Sprinkler system
Extra Hazard Occupancies
Extra hazard contained two group:
5.4.1 Extra Hazard (Group 1). Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall
be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and dust, lint, or
other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly
developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no
combustible or flammable liquids.
5.4.2 Extra Hazard (Group 2). Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies
shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies with
moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids
or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive.
Sprinkler system
Extra Hazard (Group 1).
A.5.4.1 Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies include occupancies
having uses and conditions similar to the following
(1) Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409)
(2) Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas
(3) Die casting
(4) Metal extruding
(5) Plywood and particleboard manufacturing
(6) Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C)]
(7) Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing
(8) Textile picking, opening, blending, garneting, or carding, combining of
cotton, synthetics, wool shoddy.
(10) Upholstering with plastic foams.
Sprinkler system
Extra Hazard (Group 2).
A.5.4.2 Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies include occupancies
having uses and conditions similar to the following:
(1) Asphalt saturating
(2) Flammable liquids spraying
(3) Flow coating
(5) Open oil quenching
(6) Plastics manufacturing
(7) Solvent cleaning
(8) Varnish and paint dipping
Sprinkler system

1-tanke
2-pump station
3-control valve
5-sprinkler
Sprinkler system
Net work
1- tree network
2- looped network
3.4.7 Looped Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which
multiple cross mains are tied together so as to provide more
than one path for water to flow to an operating sprinkler and
branch lines are not tied together
3- gridded net work
3.4.6 Gridded Sprinkler System. A sprinkler system in which
parallel cross mains are connected by multiple branch lines,
causing an operating sprinkler to receive water from both
ends of its branch line while other branch lines help transfer
water between cross mains
Sprinkler system
Net work
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe and fitting : ( 6.3 )
1- 6.3.1.2 Steel pipe
2-6.3.1.3Copper tube
6.3.5 Copper Tube. Copper tube as specified in the standards
listed in Table 6.3.1.1 shall have a wall thickness of Type K, Type L, or
Type M where used in sprinkler systems table A6.3.5 ( page 282 )
3-6.3.1.4 Nonmetallic
4-6.3.1.5 Brass pipe
6.3.6 Brass Pipe. Brass pipe specified in Table 6.3.1.1 shall be
permitted in the standard weight in sizes up to 6 in. (150mm)for
pressures up to 175 psig (12 bar) and in the extra strong weight
in sizes up to 8 in. (200mm)for pressures up to 300 psig (20 bar).
Sprinkler system
Net work
Sprinkler system
Net work
Limitation for using nonmetallic pipes.
6.3.7.2* When nonmetallic pipe is used in combination systems
utilizing steel piping internally coated with corrosion inhibitors
and nonmetallic piping, the steel pipe coating shall be investigated for
compatibility with the nonmetallic piping by a testing laboratory.
6.3.7.4 When nonmetallic pipe is used in combination systems
utilizing steel pipe, cutting oils and lubricants used for fabrication of the
steel piping shall be compatible with the nonmetallic pipe materials.
See nfpa 13 from 6.3.7.1 to 6.3.7.7

Sprinkler system
Net work
Steel pipe ( welded or rolled grooved ) minimum thickness.
the minimum nominal wall thickness for pressures up to 300 psi (20.7
bar) shall be in accordance with Schedule 10 for pipe sizes up to 5 in.
(125 mm), 0.134 in. (3.40 mm) for 6 in. (150 mm) pipe, 0.188 in. (4.78
mm) for 8 in. and 10 in. (200mmand 250 mm) pipe, and 0.330 in. (8.38
mm) for 12 in. (300 mm) pipe. Table A.6.3.2 ( page 282 )
Steel Pipe — Threaded. Minimum thickness
When steel pipe referenced in Table 6.3.1.1 is joined by threaded fittings
referenced in 6.5.1 or by fittings used with pipe having cut grooves, the
minimum wall thickness shall be in accordance with Schedule 30 pipe [in
sizes 8 in. (200mm)and larger] or Schedule 40 pipe [in sizes less than 8
in. (200 mm)] for pressures up to 300 psi (20.7 bar).
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe and fitting :
6.4.6* Couplings and Unions.
6.4.6.1 Screwed unions shall not be used on pipe larger than 2 in. (50 mm).
6.4.6.2 Couplings and unions of other than screwed-type shall be of types
listed specifically for use in sprinkler systems. ( welded or grooved ).
6.5.1 Threaded Pipe and Fittings
6.5.1.2* Steel pipe with wall thicknesses less than Schedule 30 [in sizes
8 in. (200 mm) and larger] or Schedule 40 [in sizes less than 8 in. (200
mm)] shall only be permitted to be joined by threaded fittings where
the threaded assembly is investigated for suitability in automatic
sprinkler installations and listed for this service.
.... ‫ بوصه يستخدم اللحام او‬2 ‫المواسير اكبر من‬
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe and fitting :
6.5 Joining of Pipe and Fittings
6.5.1.2* Steel pipe with wall thicknesses less than Schedule 30 [in sizes
8 in. (200 mm) and larger] or Schedule 40 [in sizes less than 8 in. (200
mm)] shall only be permitted to be joined by threaded fittings where
the threaded assembly is investigated for suitability in automatic
sprinkler installations and listed for this service.
6.5.3 Groove Joining Methods.
6.5.3.1* Pipe, fittings, valves, and devices to be joined with grooved
couplings shall contain cut, rolled, or cast grooves that are dimensionally
compatible with the couplings.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe and fitting :
6.3.7.9 Pipe and Tube Bending.
6.3.7.9.1 Bending of Schedule 10 steel pipe, or any steel pipe of wall
thickness equal to or greater than Schedule 10 and Types K and L copper
tube, shall be permitted when bends are made with no kinks, ripples,
distortions, or reductions in diameter or any noticeable deviations from
round.
6.3.7.9.2 For Schedule 40 and copper tubing, the minimum radius of a
bend shall be six pipe diameters for pipe sizes 2 in. (50 mm) and smaller
and five pipe diameters for pipe sizes 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) and larger.
6.3.7.9.3 For all other steel pipe, the minimum radius of a
bend shall be 12 pipe diameters for all sizes..
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe and fitting :
Underground pipe.
6.3.1.1.1* Underground pipe shall be permitted to extend into the building through
the slab or wall not more than 24 in. (0.6 m).
24.1.6.2* Connection Passing Through or Under Foundation Walls. When system
piping pierces a foundation wall below grade or is located under the foundation wall,
clearance shall be provided to prevent breakage of the piping due to building
settlement.
A.24.1.6.2 Where the system riser is close to an outside wall, underground fittings of
proper length should be used in order to avoid pipe joints located in or under the wall.
Where the connection passes through the foundation wall below grade, a 1 in. to 3 in.
(25 mm to 76 mm) clearance should be provided around the pipe and the clear space
filled with asphalt mastic or similar flexible water proofing material.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe and fitting :
Underground pipe.
10.4.1* The depth of cover over water pipes shall be determined by the maximum
depth of frost penetration in the locality where the pipe is laid
10.4.2 The top of the pipe shall be buried not less than 1 ft (0.3 m) below the frost line
for the locality
10.4.3 In those locations where frost is not a factor, the depth of cover shall be not less
than 21⁄2 ft (0.8 m) to prevent mechanical damage.
10.4.4 Pipe under driveways shall be buried a minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m).]
10.4.5 Pipe under railroad tracks shall be buried at a minimum of 4 ft (1.2 m).
10.4.6 The depth of cover shall be measured from the top of the pipe to finished
grade, and due consideration shall always be given to future or final grade and nature
of soil.
10.1.5* Working Pressure. Piping, fittings, and other system components shall be
rated for the maximum system working pressure to which they are exposed but shall
not be rated at less than 150 psi (10 bar).
Sprinkler system

1-tanke
2-pump station
3-control valve
5-sprinkler
Sprinkler system
Net work
Zone control valve .
Sprinkler system
Net work
8.16.1.5 Floor Control Valve Assemblies
8.16.1.5.1* Multistory buildings exceeding two stories in height shall be
provided with a floor control valve, check valve, main drain valve, and
flow switch for isolation, control, and annunciation of water flow on
each floor level.
8.16.1.5.3 The floor control valve, check valve, main drain valve, and
flow switch required by 8.16.1.6.3 shall not be required where the total
area of all floors combined does not exceed the system protection area
limitations of 8.2.1.
Sprinkler system
Net work
1-control valve must be os&y ( out side screw and yoke )
2-tamper switch
3- check valve
4- pressure gauge
5- prv ( optional )
8.16.1.2.1 In portions of systems where all components are not listed for
pressure greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar) and the potential exists for
normal (non fire condition) water pressure in excess of 175 psi (12.1
bar), a listed pressure-reducing valve shall be installed and set for an
outlet pressure not exceeding 165 psi (11.37 bar) at the maximum inlet
pressure
6- drain line
Sprinkler system
Net work
6- drain line
Sprinkler system
Net work
Sprinkler distribution.
Shall know some information before beginning in sprinkler
distribution.
1- building plane area

2-bulding hazard as slide ( 56 – 62 )
3-area per sprinkler area for its hazard
Sprinkler system
Net work
1- area of building plane
We compute the building plane for many reason .
1-know if the building ( area ) need sprinkler protection or not
2- if building ( area ) need what the correct number for sprinkler
𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
Number of sprinkler =
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒌𝒍𝒆𝒓
Sprinkler system
Net work
1- area of building plane
1-1 know if the building ( area ) need sprinkler protection or not
Area limitation as nfpa 101 all next case shall not need sprinkler
1- Assembly occupancies consisting of a single multipurpose room of less than 12,000
ft2 (1115 m2) that are not used for exhibition or display and are not part of a mixed
occupancy
2- Locations in unenclosed stadia and arenas as follows:
(a) Press boxes of less than 1000 ft2 (93 m2)
(b) Storage facilities of less than 1000 ft2 (93 m2) if enclosed with not less than 1-hour
fire resistance–rated construction
3-Sprinklers shall not be required for stages 1000 ft2 (93 m2) or less in area and 50 ft
(15 m) or less in height.
4-Automatic sprinklers shall not be required in closets not exceeding 24 ft2 (2.2 m2)
and in bathrooms not exceeding 55 ft2 (5.1 m2), provided that such spaces are
finished with lath and plaster or materials providing a 15-minute thermal barrier
Sprinkler system
Net work
1- building plane area
Number of riser per area
8.2.1 The maximum floor area on any one floor to be protected
by sprinklers supplied by any one sprinkler system riser
or combined system riser shall be as follows:
(1) Light hazard — 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(2) Ordinary hazard — 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(3)*Extra hazard — Hydraulically calculated — 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
A.8.2.1(3) Pipe schedule — 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2).
Sprinkler system
Net work
3- ( protection area for sprinkler (As))
As = S x L
S = distance between sprinkler in the branch
L = distance between branches
8.5.2.2.2 The maximum area of coverage of any sprinkler

shall not exceed 400 ft2 (36 m2).
Sprinkler system
Net work
3-area / sprinkler area for its hazard ( protection area for sprinkler (As))
Sprinkler system
Net work
Sprinkler system
Net work
light hazard = 225 ft2

Ordinary hazard = 130 ft2
Extra hazard = 100 ft2
Sprinkler system
Net work
Distance between sprinkler. ( cont ……. )
maximum
Light hazard = 15 ft 4.6 m
Ordinary hazard = 15 ft 4.6 m
Extra hazard = 12 ft 3.7 m
8.7.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers. Sprinklers shall
be spaced not less than 6 ft (1.8 m)
Distance between wall and sprinkler
8.7.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls. The distance from sprinklers to the end walls
shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers
8.6.4.1.1.1 Under unobstructed construction, the distance
between the sprinkler deflector and the ceiling shall be a minimum of 1 in. (25.4 mm)
and a maximum of 12 in. (305 mm) throughout the area of coverage of the
sprinkler.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Distance between sprinkler.
8.7.3.3.1 Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from
an end wall.
8.7.3.3.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be measured
perpendicular to the wall.
8.6.3.2.3* The requirements of 8.6.3.2.1 shall not apply where walls are
angled or irregular, and the maximum horizontal distance between a
sprinkler and any point of floor area protected by that sprinkler shall not
exceed 0.75 times the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers,
provided the maximum perpendicular distance is not exceeded
Sprinkler system
Net work
Distance between sprinkler.
Vertical change in ceiling
If X < 36 “ consider ceiling flat
If X > 36 “ two ceiling
Sprinkler system
Net work
8.15.1 Concealed Spaces
8.15.1.2.2.1 The space shall be considered a concealed space even with
small openings such as those used as return air for a plenum
8.15.1.1 Concealed Spaces Requiring Sprinkler Protection. Concealed
spaces of exposed combustible construction shall be protected by
sprinklers except in concealed spaces where sprinklers are not required
to be installed by 8.15.1.2.1 through 8.15.1.2.18 and 8.15.6
Minimum height of concealed that permitted to be protect is 36”

Sprinkler system
Net work
Side wall sprinkler.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Side wall sprinkler.
8.7.3.1.5 Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed on two opposite walls or
sides of bays, the maximum width of the room or bay shall be permitted to be
up to 24 ft (7.32 m) for light hazard occupancy or 20 ft (6.1 m) for ordinary
hazard occupancy, with spacing as required by Table 8.7.2.2.1.
Distance from wall and ceiling.
8.7.4.1.2.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located no more than 6 in. (152 mm),
and shall be permitted to be located with their deflectors less than 4 in. (102 mm), from the wall
on which they are mounted.
8.7.4.1.1.1 Unless the requirements of 8.7.4.1.1.2 are met, sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be
located not more than6 in. (152 mm) or less than 4 in. (102 mm) from ceilings.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Max number of sprinkler in the same branch.
1st what is the branch?
Pipe that deliver water from riser nipple to sprinkler.
3.5.8 Riser Nipple. Vertical piece of pipe between the main and branch
line
8.15.20.4.1 When pipe schedule
systems are revamped, a nipple
not exceeding 4 in. (100 mm) in
length shall be permitted to be
installed in the branch line fitting.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Max number of sprinkler in the same branch.
23.5.2.1 Branch Lines.
23.5.2.1.1 Unless permitted by 23.5.2.1.2 or 23.5.2.1.3, branch lines shall
not exceed eight sprinklers on either side of a cross main.
23.5.2.1.2 Where more than eight sprinklers on a branch line are
necessary, lines shall be permitted to be increased to nine sprinklers by
making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and
11⁄4 in. (33 mm), respectively, and the sizes thereafter standard.
23.5.2.1.3 Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a branch line,
making the two end lengths 1 in. (25.4 mm) and 11⁄4 in. (33 mm),
respectively, and feeding the tenth sprinkler by a 21⁄2 in. (64 mm) pipe
Sprinkler system
Net work
Pipe sizing
Sprinkler system
Net work
Fire department connection.
Sprinkler system Net work
6.8.1* Unless the requirements of 6.8.1.1, 6.8.1.2, or 6.8.1.3 are met, the fire
department connection(s) shall consist of two 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) connections
using NH internal threaded swivel fitting(s) with “2.5–7.5 NH standard thread,”
as specified in NFPA 1963.
6.8.1.3 A single-outlet fire department connection shall be acceptable where piped to
a 3 in. (80 mm) or smaller riser.
A.8.17.2.3 The purpose of a fire department connection is to supplement the pressure
to an automatic fire sprinkler system. It is not the intent to size the fire department
connection piping based on system demand. For multiple system risers supplied
by a manifold, the fire department connection need not be larger than that for an
individual system
8.17.2.2 The following systems shall not require a fire department connection:
(1) Large-capacity deluge systems exceeding the pumping capacity of the fire
department
(2) Single-story buildings not exceeding 2000 ft2 (186 m2) in area.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Arrangement of valve with department connection.
8.17.2.4.1* The fire department
connection shall be on the system side
of the water supply check valve.
8.17.2.4.1.1 The fire department connection
shall not be attached to branch line piping.
8.17.2.4.8 Fire department connections shall
not be connected on the suction side of fire
pumps.
Sprinkler system
Net work
Hydraulic calculation
11.2.3 Water Demand Requirements—Hydraulic Calculation Methods.
11.2.3.1 General.
11.2.3.1.1 The water demand for sprinklers shall be determined
only from one of the following, at the discretion of the designer:
(1) Density/area curves in accordance with the density/area method.
(2) The room that creates the greatest demand in accordance with the room design
method.
23.4.4.10.1 Minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar).
23.4.4.11 Maximum Operating Pressure. the maximum operating pressure of any
sprinkler shall be 175 psi (12.1 bar).
23.4.2.4.1 Pressures at hydraulic junction points shall balance within 0.5 psi (0.03 bar).
Sprinkler system
Net work
Hydraulic calculation procedure
1- classify hazard
2- draw network
3- pipe sizing
4- select area of operation
5- calculate the number of sprinkler that run in the same time
6-select density from area / density curve .
7-culculate flow rate for the first sprinkler from density
= density x area per sprinkler
8- calculate the pressure of first sprinkler from equation
Q= k (P)1/2
9-culculte pressure drop In the pipe from Hazen–Williams equation
Sprinkler system
Net work
Area / density curve
Sprinkler system
Net work
Area / density curve
11.2.3.1.4 Restrictions. When either the density/area method or room design method
is used, the following shall apply:
(1)*For areas of sprinkler operation less than 1500 ft2 (139 m2) used for light and
ordinary hazard occupancies, the density for 1500 ft2 (139 m2) shall be used.
(2) For areas of sprinkler operation less than 2500 ft2 (232 m2) for extra hazard
occupancies, the density for 2500 ft2 (232 m2) shall be used.
(3)*Unless the requirements of 11.2.3.1.4(4) are met for buildings having un
sprinklered combustible concealed spaces, as described in 8.15.1.2 and 8.15.6, the
minimum area of sprinkler operation for that portion of the building shall be 3000 ft2
(279 m2). The design area of 3000 ft2 (279 m2) shall be applied only to the sprinkler
system or portions of the sprinkler system that are adjacent to the qualifying
combustible concealed space. The term adjacent shall apply to any sprinkler system
protecting a space above, below, or next to the qualifying concealed space except
where a barrier with a fire resistance rating at least equivalent to the water supply
duration completely separates the concealed space from the sprinklered area
Sprinkler system
Net work
friction loss coefficient
Sprinkler system
Net work
Equivalent length
Hose flow rate
11.1.6.3 Where inside hose connections are planned or are required, the following shall
apply:
(1) A total water allowance of 50 gpm (189 L/min) for a single hose connection
installation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.
(2) A total water allowance of 100 gpm (379 L/min) for a multiple hose connection
installation shall be added to the sprinkler requirements.
8.17.5.2 Hose Connections for Fire Department Use.
8.17.5.2.2* The following restrictions shall apply:
(1) Each connection from a standpipe that is part of a combined system to a sprinkler
system shall have an individual control valve and check valve of the same size as the
connection.
(2) The minimum size of the riser shall be 4 in. (102 mm) unless hydraulic calculations
indicate that a smaller size riser will satisfy sprinkler and hose stream allowances.
(3) Each combined sprinkler and standpipe riser shall be equipped with a riser control
valve to permit isolating a riser without interrupting the supply to other risers from the
same source of supply.
Hydraulic calculation
11.1.6.4* When hose valves for fire department use are attached
to wet pipe sprinkler system risers in accordance with 8.17.5.2, the
following shall apply:
1- The sprinkler system demand shall not be required to be added to
standpipe demand as determined from NFPA 14.
A.11.1.6.4 For fully sprinklered buildings, if hose valves or stations are
provided on a combination sprinkler riser and standpipe for fire
department use in accordance with NFPA 14, the hydraulic calculation for
the sprinkler system is not required to include the standpipe allowance.
(2) Where the combined sprinkler system demand and hose stream
allowance of Table 11.2.3.1.2 exceeds the requirements of NFPA 14, this
higher demand shall be used.
(3) For partially sprinklered buildings, the sprinkler demand, not including
hose stream allowance, as indicated in Figure 11.2.3.1.1 shall be added to
the requirements given in NFPA 14.
Hydraulic calculation hose flow rate
Example
Example
Example :
Example :
Example :
Example :
Example :
Example :
Example :
Standpipe system NFPA 14
Standpipe system
Definitions :
3.3.6 High-Rise Building. A building where the floor of an occupiable story is
greater than 75 ft (23 m) above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access.
3.3.14 Standpipe. The system piping that delivers the water supply for hose
connections, and for sprinklers on combined systems, vertically from floor to floor.
3.3.14.1 Horizontal Standpipe. The horizontal portion of the system piping that
delivers the water supply for two or more hose connections, and for sprinklers on
combined systems, on a single level.
3.3.15.1 Automatic Dry Standpipe System. A standpipe system permanently attached
to a water supply capable of supplying the system demand at all times, containing air
or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (as from opening a hose valve) opens
a dry pipe valve to allow water to flow into the piping system and out of the opened
hose valve.
3.3.15.2 Automatic Wet Standpipe System. A standpipe system containing
water at all times that is attached to a water supply capable of supplying the system
demand at all times and that requires no action other than opening a hose valve to
provide water at hose connections.
Standpipe system
Definitions :
3.3.15.3 Combined System. A standpipe system that supplies both hose
connections and automatic sprinklers.
3.3.17* System Classes.
3.3.17.1 Class I System. A system that provides 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose connections
to supply water for use by fire departments.
3.3.17.2 Class II System. A system that provides 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose stations to
supply water for use primarily by trained personnel or by the fire department during
initial response.
3.3.17.3 Class III System. A system that provides 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose stations to
supply water for use by trained personnel and 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose connections to
supply a larger volume of water for use by fire departments.
3.3.19 Travel Distance. The length measured on the floor or other walking surface
along the centerline of the natural path of travel, starting from the hose outlet, curving
around any corners or obstructions with a 12 in. (300 mm) clearance.
Standpipe system
4.2 Pipe and Tube.
Standpipe system
4.2 Pipe and Tube.
4.2.3 Where steel pipe specified in Table 4.2.1 is used and joined by welding as
specified in Section 4.4 or by roll-grooved pipe and fittings as specified in Section 4.4,
the minimum nominal wall thickness for pressures up to 300 psi (20.7 bar) shall be in
accordance with Schedule 10 for pipe sizes up to 5 in. (127 mm), 0.134 in. (3.40 mm)
for 6 in. (150 mm) pipe, and 0.188 in. (4.78 mm) for 8 in. and 10 in. (203 mm and 254
mm) pipe.
4.2.4 Where steel pipe specified in Table 4.2.1 is joined by threaded fittings as
specified in Section 4.4 or by fittings used with pipe having cut grooves, the minimum
wall thickness shall be in accordance with Schedule 30 [sizes 8 in. (203 mm) and larger]
or Schedule 40 [sizes less than 8 in. (203 mm)] pipe for pressures up to 300 psi (20.7
bar).
4.2.5 Copper tube as specified in the standards referenced in Table 4.2.1 shall have a
wall thickness of Type K, L, or M where used in standpipe systems
Standpipe system
4.2 Pipe and Tube.
4.2.7 Bending of Pipe and Tube.
4.2.7.1 Bending of Schedule 40 steel pipe and Types K and L copper tube shall be
permitted where bends are made with no kinks, ripples, distortions, reductions in
diameter, or any noticeable deviations from a round shape.
4.2.7.2 The minimum radius of a bend shall be six pipe diameters for pipe sizes 2 in.
(50 mm) and smaller, and five pipe diameters for pipe sizes 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) and
larger.
4.3.4 Screwed unions shall not be used on pipe larger than 2 in. (50 mm).
4.4.1.2* Steel pipe with wall thicknesses less than Schedule 30 [in sizes 8 in. (200 mm)
and larger] or Schedule 40 [in sizes less than 8 in. (200 mm)] shall only be permitted to
be joined by threaded fittings where the threaded assembly is investigated for
suitability in automatic sprinkler installations and listed for this service.
Standpipe system
Standpipe system :
Five types:
1- automatic wet.
2- automatic dry.
3- semiautomatic.
4- manual wet .
5- manual dry.
Standpipe system
Standpipe system :
1-Automatic-Wet standpipe, filled with water at all times, is connected to a
permanent water supply that is capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements.
2-Automatic-Dry standpipe, filled with pressurized air, is connected to a permanent
water supply that is capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It uses a
device, such as a dry pipe valve, to admit water into the system piping automatically
upon the opening of a hose valve. 5.2.1 page 16
3-Semi-automatic-Dry standpipe, with empty pipe, is connected to a permanent water
supply that is capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. It uses a device,
such as a deluge valve, to admit water into the system piping upon activation of a
remote control device located at a hose connection. A remote control activation
device shall be provided at each hose connection.
4- Manual-Wet standpipe, filled with water at all times, is connected to a water supply
that is not capable of meeting flow and pressure requirements. The purpose of the
water supply is to maintain water within the system, thus reducing the time it takes to
get water to the hose station outlets. Manual-wet standpipe systems need water from
a fire department pumper (or the like) to be pumped into the system in order to meet
flow and pressure requirements.
Standpipe system
4.6.2 Hose.
4.6.2.1* Each hose connection provided for use by trained personnel (Class II and Class
III systems) shall be equipped with not more than 100 ft (30.5 m) of listed, 11⁄2 in. (40
mm), lined, collapsible or non collapsible fire hose attached and ready for use.
4.7.5* Hose connections shall be located so that there is at least 3 in. (76.2 mm)
clearance between any adjacent object and the handle of the valve when the valve is
in any position ranging from fully open to fully closed.
Standpipe system
4.8 Fire Department Connections.
4.8.1 Fire department connections shall be listed for a working pressure equal to or
greater than the pressure requirement of the system demand.
4.8.2 Each fire department connection shall have at least two 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) internal
threaded swivel fittings having NHS
threads
Standpipe system
6.4.1 shutoff valves shall not be installed between the fire department connection and
the system.
6.4.2 A listed check valve shall be installed in each fire department connection,
including the connection in manual-dry systems, and located as near as practicable to
the point where it joins the system.
6.4.3 The fire department connection shall be installed as follows:
(1) Automatic Wet and Manual Wet Standpipe Systems. On the system side of the
system control valve, check valve, or any pump, but on the supply side of any
isolating valves
(2) Automatic Dry Standpipe Systems. On the system side of the control valve and
check valve and the supply side of the dry pipe valve
(3) Semiautomatic Dry Standpipe Systems. On the system side of the deluge valve
(4) Manual Dry Standpipe Systems. Directly connected to system piping with a check
valve in the piping.
Standpipe system
7.12.1 One or more fire department connections shall be provided for each zone of
each Class I or Class III standpipe system.
7.12.1.1 The high zone fire department connection(s) shall not be required to be
provided where 7.9.3 applies.
7.12.2 High-rise buildings shall have at least two remotely located fire department
connections for each zone.
7.12.2.1 A single connection for each zone shall be permitted where acceptable to the
fire department.
7.12.3 Fire department connection sizes shall be based on the standpipe system
demand and shall include one 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) inlet per every 250 gpm (946 L/min)
Standpipe system
Design.
7.1* General. The design of the standpipe system is governed by
1- building height.
2- area per floor occupancy classification,
3- egress system design,
4- required flow rate and residual pressure, and
5- the distance of the hose connection from the source(s) of the water supply
Standpipe system
Design.
7.2* Pressure Limitation.
7.2.1 The maximum pressure at any point in the system at any time shall not exceed
350 psi (24 bar).
7.2.3* Maximum Pressure at Hose Connections.
7.2.3.1 Where the residual pressure at a 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) outlet on a hose connection
available for trained personnel use exceeds 100 psi (6.9 bar), an approved pressure-
regulating device shall be provided to limit the residual pressure at the flow required
by Section 7.10 to 100 psi (6.9 bar).
7.2.3.1.1 Paragraph 7.2.3.1 shall not apply to the 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) outlet on a 21⁄2 in.
× 11⁄2 in. (65mm× 40 mm) reducer as allowed by 5.3.3.2 and 7.3.4.1.
7.2.3.2* Where the static pressure at a 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose connection exceeds 175
psi (12.1 bar), an approved pressure regulating device shall be provided to limit static
and residual pressures at the outlet of the hose connection to 175 psi (12.1 bar).
7.2.3.3 The pressure on the inlet side of the pressure regulating device shall not
exceed the rated working pressure of the device.
Standpipe system
Design.
Residual pressure:
7.8.1a minimum residual pressure of 100 psi (6.9 bar) at the outlet of the hydraulically
most remote 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose connection and 65 psi (4.5 bar) at the outlet of the
hydraulically most remote 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose station..
7.8.1.2* Manual standpipe systems shall be designed to provide 100 psi (6.9 bar) at
the topmost outlet with the calculations terminating at the fire department
connection
Standpipe system
Design.
7.3 Locations of Hose Connections
7.3.2* Class I Systems. Class I systems shall be provided with 21⁄2 in. (65 mm) hose
connections in the following locations:
(1) At the main floor landing in exit stairways
(2) On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit openings of horizontal exits
(3) In other than covered mall buildings, in each exit passageway at the entrance from
the building areas into the passageway
(4) In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each exit passageway or exit corridor,
and at the interior side of public entrances from the exterior to the mall
(5)*At the highest landing of stairways with stairway access to a roof, or on roofs with
a slope of less than 4 in 12 where stairways do not access the roof.
7.3.2.3* Hose connections on one side of a horizontal exit shall not be required where
another outlet on that side of the horizontal exit can reach the portions of the building
on the other side of the horizontal exit within the distances required by 7.3.2.3.1 that
would have been protected by the outlet that was omitted.
7.3.1.1 Hose connections and hose stations shall be unobstructed and shall be located
not less than 3 ft (0.9 m) or more than 5 ft (1.5 m) above the floor
Standpipe system
Design.
Travel distance
7.3.2.2* Where the most remote portion of a non sprinklered floor or story is located
in excess of 150 ft (45.7 m) of travel distance from a hose connection in or adjacent to
a required exit or the most remote portion of a sprinklered floor or story is located in
excess of 200 ft (61 m) of travel distance from a hose connection in or adjacent to a
required exit, additional hose connections shall be provided.
7.3.2.3.1 This travel distance shall be 200 ft (61 m) for sprinklered buildings and 130 ft
(39.7 m) for non sprinklered buildings.
7.3.3* Class II Systems.
7.3.3.1 Class II systems shall be provided with 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose stations so that all
portions of each floor level of the building are within 130 ft (39.7 m) of a hose
connection provided with 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose or within 120 ft (36.6 m) of a
hose connection provided with less than 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) hose.
Standpipe system
Design.
7.4 Number of Standpipes. Separate standpipes shall be provided in each required
exit stairway.
7.6 Minimum Sizes for Standpipes and Branch Lines.

7.6.1 Class I and Class III standpipes shall be at least 4 in. (100 mm) in size.
7.6.2 Standpipes that are part of a combined system shall be at least 6 in. (150 mm) in
size.
7.6.3 Where the building is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler

system the minimum standpipe size shall be 4 in. (100 mm) for systems hydraulically
designed
7.6.4 Branch lines shall be sized based on the hydraulic criteria but not less than 21⁄2
in. (65 mm).
Standpipe system
Design.
Standpipe zone: ex page 39 nfpa 14 , 2013
A.7.9 Standpipe system zones are intended to limit system design pressures to not
more than 350 psi (24 bar) .
7.9.1.2 Pumps that are arranged in series shall be permitted to be, but are not required
to be, located on the same level. FM doesn't permit series arrangement as FMDS404N
7.9.3* For systems with two or more zones in which any portion of the higher zones
cannot be supplied by means of fire department pumpers through a fire department
connection, an auxiliary means of supply in the form of high-level water storage with
additional pumping equipment
A.7.9.3 An auxiliary means can also be in the form of pumping through the fire
department connection in series with the low- or mid-zone fire pump
Standpipe system
Design.
7.10 Flow Rates.
7.10.1 Class I and Class III Systems.
A.7.10.1.1 If a water supply system supplies more than one building or more than one
fire area, the total supply can be calculated based on the single building or fire area
requiring the greatest number of standpipes.
7.10.1.1.1 For Class I and Class III systems, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically
most remote standpipe shall be 500 gpm (1893 L/min), through the two most remote
21⁄2 in. (65 mm) outlets.
7.10.1.1.2* Where a horizontal standpipe on a Class I or Class III system supplies three
or more hose connections on any floor, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically
most demanding horizontal standpipe shall be 750 gpm (2840 L/min)
Standpipe system
Design.
7.10 Flow Rates.
7.10.1 Class I and Class III Systems.
7.10.1.1.3 The minimum flow rate for additional standpipes shall be 250 gpm (946
L/min) per standpipe for buildings with floor areas that do not exceed 80,000 ft2 (7432
m2) per floor. For buildings that exceed 80,000 ft2 (7432m2) per floor, the minimum
flow rate for the additional standpipes shall be 500 gpm (1893 L/min) for the second
standpipe and 250 gpm (946 L/min) for the third standpipe if the additional flow is
required for an un sprinklered building.
7.10.1.1.5 The maximum flow rate shall be 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) for buildings that
are sprinklered throughout, in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation
of Sprinkler Systems, and 1250 gpm (4731 L/min) for buildings that are not sprinklered
throughout, in accordance with NFPA 13.
Standpipe system
Design.
7.10 Flow Rates.
7.10.2 Class II Systems.
7.10.2.1 Minimum Flow Rate.
7.10.2.1.1 For Class II systems, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically most
remote hose connection shall be 100 gpm (379 L/min).
7.10.2.1.2 Additional flow shall not be required where more than one hose connection
is provided.
Design.
Standpipe system
Hydraulic calculation:
7.10.1.2.1 Hydraulic calculations and pipe sizes for each standpipe shall be based on
providing 250 gpm (946 L/min) at the two hydraulically most remote hose connections on
the standpipe and at the topmost outlet of each of the other standpipes at the minimum
residual pressure required by Section 7.8.
7.10.1.2.1.1* Where a standpipe system has risers that terminate at different floor levels,
separate hydraulic calculations shall be performed for the standpipes that exist on each
level. In each case, flow shall be added only for standpipes that exist
on the floor level of the calculations.
7.10.1.2.2 Where a horizontal standpipe on a Class I and Class III system supplies three or
more hose connections on any floor, hydraulic calculations and pipe sizes for each
standpipe shall be based on providing 250 gpm (946 L/min) at the three hydraulically most
remote hose connections on the standpipe and at the topmost outlet of each of the other
standpipes at the minimum residual pressure required by Section 7.8.
7.10.1.2.3* Common supply piping shall be calculated and sized to provide the required
flow rate for all standpipes connected to such supply piping, with the total not to exceed
the maximum flow demand in 7.10.1.1.5.
7.10.1.2.4 Flows from additional standpipes as required by 7.10.1.1 shall not be required to
be balanced to the higher pressure at the point of connection
Design.
Standpipe system
Hydraulic calculation: class II
7.10.2.2.1 Hydraulic calculations and pipe sizes for each standpipe shall be based on
providing 100 gpm (379 L/min) at the hydraulically most remote hose connection on
the standpipe at the minimum residual pressure 4.5 bar
Design.
Standpipe system
Hydraulic calculation:
7.10.1.3 Combined Systems
7.10.1.3.1.1 In a building protected in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems, or NFPA13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler
Systems in Low- Rise Residential Occupancies, the water supply for the combined
sprinkler and automatic standpipe system shall be based on the sprinkler system
demand (including any hose stream demand) or the standpipe demand, whichever is
greater.
7.10.1.3.1.2 A separate sprinkler demand shall not be required.
7.10.1.3.2 For a combined system in a building equipped with partial automatic
sprinkler protection, the flow rate required by 7.10.1 shall be increased by an amount
equal to the hydraulically calculated sprinkler demand or 150 gpm (568 L/min) for light
hazard occupancies, or by 500 gpm (1893 L/min) for ordinary hazard occupancies,
whichever is less.
Design.
Standpipe system
9.2 Minimum Supply for Class I and Class III Systems. The water supply shall be
capable of providing the system demand established by Sections 7.8 and 7.10 for at
least 30 minutes.
9.3 Minimum Supply for Class II Systems. The minimum supply for Class II systems
shall be capable of providing the system demand established by Sections 7.8 and 7.10
for at least 30 minutes
Drain and the test
Standpipe system
7.11.2 Drains. All standpipe systems shall be equipped with drain connections.
7.11.2.1 A main drain shall be provided on the standpipe system side of the system
control valve
7.11.2.4 The main drain connection shall be provided at a location that permits the
valve to be opened wide without causing water damage.
Design.
Standpipe system
Example :
Design.
Standpipe system
Example :
A.7.10.1.2.1.1 For example, consider the standpipe system shown in Figure
A.7.10.1.2.1.1 with two risers that terminate at the 15th floor and two risers that
terminate at the 10th floor of this fully sprinklered high-rise building. In this case, two
separate hydraulic calculations need to be performed. The first would verify that the
system can deliver 100 psi (6.9 bar) to the top of the risers on the 15th floor with a
total of 750 gpm (2840 L/min) flowing [250 gpm (946 L/min) each at points A, B, and
C]. The second would need to prove that the system can deliver 100 psi (6.9 bar) to the
10th floor with a total of 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) flowing [250 gpm (946 L/min) each
at points D, E, F, and G]. Note that since the building is sprinklered, there is no flow
required from the fourth riser in this second calculation.
.
Fire pump
Fire pump
Type of fire pump.
1- Horizontal Split-Case Pump
2-Vertical Line shaft Turbine Pump.
3- In-Line Pump.
4-End Suction Pump
Fire pump
Source of water.
4.6.2.1 Any source of water that is adequate in quality, quantity, and
pressure shall be permitted to provide the supply for a fire pump.
4.6.2.2 Where the water supply from a public service main is not
adequate in quality, quantity, or pressure, an alternative water source
shall be provided.
4.6.4.1 A stored supply plus reliable automatic refill shall be sufficient to
meet the demand placed upon it for the design duration.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
6.1.1.1 Centrifugal pumps shall be of the overhung impeller design and
the impeller between bearings design.
6.1.1.3 The impeller between bearings design shall be separately
coupled single-stage or multistage axial (horizontal) split-case-type
6.1.2* Application. Centrifugal pumps shall not be used where a static suction
lift is required.
A.6.1.2 The centrifugal pump is particularly suited to boost the pressure
from a public or private supply or to pump from a storage tank where
there is a positive static head.
Fire pump
Types of Centrifugal Pumps.
Fire pump
Types of Centrifugal Pumps. Page 74 NFPA 20 edition 2013
1-end suction
2- inline
3- horizontal spilt case.
4- vertical spilt case.
Fire pump
Characteristic of Centrifugal Pumps.
6.2.1 Pumps shall furnish not less than 150 percent of rated capacity at not
less than 65 percent of total rated head
6.2.2 The shutoff head shall not exceed 140 percent of rated head for any type
pump.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
6.3 Fittings.
6.3.1* Where necessary, the following fittings for the pump shall be provided
by the pump manufacturer or an authorized representative:
(1) Automatic air release valve
(2) Circulation relief valve
(3) Pressure gauges
6.3.2 Where necessary, the following fittings shall be provided:
(1) Eccentric tapered reducer at suction inlet
(2) Hose valve manifold with hose valves
(3) Flow measuring device
(4) Relief valve and discharge cone
(5) Pipeline strainer
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
6.3 Fittings. Hose valve manifold with hose valves & flow meter
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
6.3 Fittings. Air release valve 6.3.3
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
6.3 Fittings. Relief valve with cone.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
Connection between drive and pump by coupling.
6.5.1.1 Separately coupled–type pumps with electric motor drivers shall
be connected by a flexible coupling or flexible connecting shaft.
2.4.5 Mechanical Seals FM FMDS0307
2.4.5.1 Only use pumps that have been specifically FM Approved for use with
mechanical shaft seals.
2.4.5.2 Only use pumps equipped with mechanical seals in systems that meet the
following criteria:
1) The suction source water is clean. Do not use pumps with mechanical seals in
systems where any water source is an open body of water (e.g., retention pond, lake,
or river).
2) The suction pressure is positive under all conditions of pump flow.
3) A spare split mechanical seal set is maintained on site.
4) Weekly testing of the pump is conducted.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps. Performance curve.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps. Performance curve.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps. Suction line.
1- vortex plate.
4.14.10* Anti-Vortex Plate. Where a tank
is used as the suction source for a fire
pump, the discharge outlet of the tank
Shall be equipped with an assembly
that controls vortex flow in accordance
with NFPA 22.
Fire pump
4.14.8* Suction Screening.
4.14.8.1 Where the water supply is obtained from an open source such as a pond or
wet pit, the passage of materials that might clog the pump shall be obstructed.
4.14.8.4 Below minimum water level, these screens shall have an effective net area of
opening of 1 in.2 for each 1 gpm (170 mm2 for each 1 L/min) at 150 percent of rated
pump capacity.
4.14.8.6 Mesh screens shall be brass, copper, Monel, stainless steel, or other
equivalent corrosion-resistant metallic material wire screen of 0.50 in. (12.7 mm)
maximum mesh and No. 10 B&S gauge.
4.14.8.11 Screens shall have at least 62.5 percent open area
Fire pump
2- OS&Y Gate Valve – 4.14.5.1
The OS&Y gate valve in the suction piping of a fire pump serves two purposes. As
liquid flows into a fire pump, it needs to be as free of turbulence as possible, to avoid
introducing air pockets into the impeller and to avoid imbalanced loads on the
impeller. When a gate valve is in the fully open position, the clapper is retracted into
the body of the valve, leaving the liquid passageway clear of any obstruction and
effectively enabling laminar flow. The OS&Y Valve also provides a way to isolate the
fire pump from the liquid supply so a repair(s) can be made to the fire pump.
Fire pump
2. Eccentric Reducer (Pump Suction) – 4.14.6.4
An eccentric reducer is used on the suction side of a fire pump assembly to reduce the
likelihood of air pockets entering the pump impeller. In most pump installations, the
suction pipe is larger than the pump suction opening; an eccentric reducer installed
with the flat side on the top is used to reduce the suction size pipe to match the pump
suction opening. If the suction pipe is the same as the pump suction opening, a
reducer is not required.
3. Pressure Gauge – 4.10.1
When there is a possibility of a suction pressure below 20 psi, the suction pressure
gauge is required to be a compound gauge capable of registering negative pressures.
This gauge provides the pump operator the ability to monitor the suction pressure to
assure that operating pressures comply with Section 4.14.3.1, which — except when
taking suction from a tank — does not permit the suction pressure to drop below 0 psi
while the pump is operating at 150 percent of its rated capacity. If a fire pump starts
to draw a negative suction pressure, there is a possibility that both the fire pump and
the suction piping could cavitate.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps. Discharge line.
1- check valve
2- os & y gate valve.
3-relief valve in diesel pump
4.15.6* A listed check valve or backflow preventer shall be installed in the

pump discharge assembly.
4.15.7* A listed indicating gate or butterfly valve shall be installed on the fire
protection system side of the pump discharge check valve.
Fire pump
Diesel discharge relief valve
4.18.1.2 Where a diesel engine fire pump is installed and where a total of 121 percent of
the net rated shutoff (churn) pressure plus the maximum static suction pressure, adjusted
for elevation, exceeds the pressure for which the system components are rated, a pressure
relief valve shall be installed. Ex stationary fire pump , 2013 page 116
4.18.3 Location. The relief valve shall be located between the pump and the pump
discharge check valve and shall be so attached that it can be readily removed for repairs
without disturbing the piping.
A.4.18.1.1 In situations where the required system pressure is close to the pressure rating
of the system components and the water supply pressure varies significantly over time, to
eliminate system over pressurization, it might be necessary to use one of the following:
(1) A tank between the water supply and the pump suction, in
lieu of directly connecting to the water supply piping
(2) A variable speed pressure limiting control device
Fire pump
4.11 Circulation Relief Valve.
4.18.5.1 The relief valve shall discharge into an open pipe or into a cone or funnel
secured to the outlet of the valve.
4.18.5.2 Water discharge from the relief valve shall be readily visible or easily
detectable by the pump operator.
4.18.5.4 If a closed-type cone is used,
it shall be provided with means for
detecting motion of water through
the cone.
Fire pump
Stationary fire pump ,2013 page 90
When a centrifugal fire pump is operating at churn, energy is continuously imparted to
the water in the impeller, causing the water to heat. For electrical drive fire pumps and
radiator cooled engine–driven fire pumps, a listed circulation relief valve is needed to
provide cooling water when the pump is operating at churn. The pipe connection for
this valve must be located on the discharge side of the pump to cause flow through
the pump casing and should discharge outdoors or to a floor drain where discharge
can be observed by the pump operator.
This valve should be installed in the vertical position, because installation in the
horizontal position may cause the valve to fail at an accelerated rate due to
obstructing material collecting in the valve seat.
Failure or the omission of this valve can result in overheating and subsequent damage
to the fire pump.
Exhibit II.4.7 illustrates a ¾ in. (19 mm) circulation (casing) relief valve. Exhibit II.4.8
illustrates a cooling line to a diesel engine installed downstream of the pump, which
eliminates the need for a circulation relief valve.
Fire pump
4.11.1.6 The automatic relief valve shall have a nominal size of 0.75 in. (19 mm) for
pumps with a rated capacity not exceeding 2500 gpm (9462 L/min) and have a nominal
size of 1 in. (25 mm) for pumps with a rated capacity of 3000 gpm to 5000 gpm (11,355
L/min to 18,925 L/min.
4.11.1.2 The valve shall be installed on the discharge side of the pump before the
discharge check valve.
4.11.1.3 The valve shall provide flow of sufficient water to prevent the pump from
overheating when operating with no discharge.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps. Sizing of suction and discharge line.
4.14.3.1 Unless the requirements of 4.14.3.2 are met, the size of the suction pipe for a
single pump or of the suction header pipe for multiple pumps (designed to operate
together) shall be such that, with all pumps operating at maximum flow (150 percent
of rated capacity or the maximum flow available from the water supply.
4.14.3.3 The size of that portion of the suction pipe located within 10 pipe diameters
upstream of the pump suction flange.
4.10.2.1.1 Where the minimum pump suction pressure is below 20 psi (1.3 bar) under
any flow condition.
***The size of the suction pipe is based on limiting water velocity to
not more than 15 ft/sec (4.57 m/sec) to limit turbulent flow in the pipe. Turbulent flow
generates air bubbles in the water, which adversely affect pump efficiency.
Fire stationary pump 2013 page 98
Fire pump
A.4.15.5 The discharge pipe size should be such that, with the pump(s)
operating at 150 percent of rated capacity, the velocity in the discharge pipe
does not exceed 20 ft/sec (6.1 m/sec).
4.15.5* The size of pump discharge pipe and fittings shall not be less than that
given in Section 4.26.
Fire pump
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
4.20 Water Flow Test Devices.
A.4.20.1.1 The two objectives of running a pump test are to make sure
that the pump itself is still functioning properly and to make sure that
the water supply can still deliver the correct amount of water to the
pump at the correct pressure. Some arrangements of test equipment do
not permit the water supply to be tested.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
4.20.1.4* Where a test header is installed, it shall be installed on an exterior
wall or in another location outside the pump room that allows for water
discharge during testing.
A.4.20.1.4 The hose valves of the fire pump test header should
be located on the building exterior. This is because the test discharge
needs to be directed to a safe outdoor location, and to
protect the fire pumps, controllers, and so forth, from accidental
water spray. In instances where damage from theft or vandalism is
a concern, the test header hose valves can be located within the
building but outside of the fire pump room.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
A.4.20.1.2 Outlets can be provided through the use of standard test headers, yard hydrants, wall
hydrants, or standpipe hose valves.
The following notes apply to Figure A.4.20.1.2(a) and Figure A.4.20.1.2(b):
(4) The fire protection system should have outlets available to test the fire pump and suction
supply piping. (See A.4.20.3.1.)
(5) The closed loop meter arrangement will test only net pump performance. It does not test the
condition of the suction supply, valves, piping.
(6) Return piping should be arranged so that no air can be trapped that would eventually end
up in the eye of the pump impeller.
(7) Turbulence in the water entering the pump should be avoided to eliminate cavitation, which
would reduce pump discharge and damage the pump impeller. For this reason, side connection
is not recommended.
(10) Pressure sensing lines also need to be installed in accordance with 10.5.2.1
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
4.20.2 Meters and Testing Devices.
4.20.2.2 Metering devices or fixed nozzles shall be capable of water flow of not
less than 175 percent of rated pump capacity -- table 26.a
4.20.2.5 For non hydraulically sized piping, the minimum size meter for a given
pump capacity shall be permitted to be used where the meter system piping
does not exceed 100 ft (30.5 m) equivalent length.
4.20.2.6 For non hydraulically sized piping, where meter system piping exceeds
100 ft (30.5 m), including length of straight pipe plus equivalent length in
fittings, elevation, and loss through meter, the next larger size of piping shall
be used to minimize friction loss.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
4.20.3 Hose Valves.
A.4.20.3.1 The hose valves should be attached to a header or manifold and connected
by suitable piping to the pump discharge piping. The connection point should be
between the discharge check valve and the discharge gate valve. Hose valves should
be located to avoid any possible water damage to the pump driver or controller
4.20.3.1.2 The number and size of hose valves used for pump testing shall be
as specified in Section 4.26.
4.20.3.3.1 A listed indicating butterfly or gate valve shall be located in the pipeline to
the hose valve header
(1) Where the pipe between the hose valve header and the connection to the pump
discharge pipe is over 15 ft (4.5 m) in length, the next larger pipe size than that requir
ed by 4.20.3.1.3 shall be used.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
4.25* Pressure Maintenance (Jockey or Make-Up) Pumps.
4.25.1.1* The pressure maintenance pump shall be sized to replenish the fire
protection system pressure due to allowable leakage and normal drops in pressure.
***For situations where the pressure maintenance pump serves only aboveground
piping for fire sprinkler and standpipe systems, the pressure maintenance pump
should be sized to provide a flow less than a single fire sprinkler.
The main fire pump should start and run (providing a pump running signal) for any
water flow situation where a sprinkler has opened, which will not happen if the
pressure maintenance pump is too large. One guideline that has been successfully
used to size pressure maintenance pumps is to select a pump that will make up the
allowable leakage rate in 10 minutes or 1 gpm (3.8 L/min), whichever is larger
4.25.2 Pressure maintenance pumps shall have rated capacities not less than any
normal leakage rate.
4.25.3 Pressure maintenance pumps shall have discharge pressure sufficient to
maintain the desired fire protection system pressure.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
RULE OF thumb : stationary fire pump , 2013 page 134
A general rule of thumb for sizing jockey pumps supplying underground piping has
been to use 1 percent of the fire pump rated capacity and add 10 psi (0.7 bar) to the
pressure rating of the fire pump.
For example, a fire pump with a rated capacity of 1000 gpm at 100 psi (3785 L/min at
6.9 bar) should be provided with a jockey pump of 10 gpm at 110 psi (37.8 L/min at 7.6
bar) rated capacity.
An exception to this general rule is when older underground systems leak excessively.
In such a case, the jockey pump capacity should be increased further, based on the
leakage rate of the underground system
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
4.25.5 Piping and Components for Pressure Maintenance Pumps.
4.25.5.3 An isolation valve shall be installed on the suction side of the pressure
maintenance pump to isolate the pump for repair.
4.25.5.4 A check valve and isolation valve shall be installed in the discharge pipe.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
Sensing line . Page 73
4.30* Pressure Actuated Controller Pressure Sensing Lines
4.30.1 For all pump installations, including jockey pumps, each
controller shall have its own individual pressure sensing line.
4.30.2 The pressure sensing line connection for each pump, including
jockey pumps, shall be made between that pump’s discharge check
valve and discharge isolation valve.
4.30.3* The pressure sensing line shall be brass, rigid copper pipe Types
K, L, or M, or Series 300 stainless steel pipe or tube, and the fittings shall
be of 1⁄2 in. (15 mm) nominal size.
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
Control.
10.5.2.5.3 If water requirements call for more than one pumping unit to operate, the units
shall start at intervals of 5 to 10 seconds.
Pump starting.
NFPA 14 , 2013 page 98 A.14.2.6 (4)
Jockey stop = churn + static
Jockey start less jockey stop by 10 psi
Fire pump start less jockey start 5 psi
Use 10 psi increment for any additional pump
FM FMDS0307 page 14 2.6.4.5
1. The jockey pump start point equals the pump pressure at churn (zero flow) plus the maximum
static pump suction pressure plus 5 psi. Jockey start = churn + sattic + 5
2. The jockey pump stop point is 10 psi (70 kPa) more than the jockey pump start point.
Jockey stop mor jockey start by 10 psi
3. The fire pump start point is 5-10 psi (35-70 kPa) less than the jockey pump start point. Use 10
psi (70 kPa) decrements for each additional pump start.
Fire pump start 5- 10 psi less than jockey start
Fire pump
Centrifugal Pumps.
Control.
Example pump have 1000 gpm 80 psi churn pressure 95 psi , suction static pressure 60 psi
Churn + static = 155
NFPA FM
Jockey start 145 160
Jockey stop 155 170
1st fir pump start 135 155
2nd fire pump start 125 145
FIRE TANK
Vent pipe
4.15.2 A vent pipe shall have a cross-sectional area equal to a minimum

of one-half the area of the discharge pipe(s) or fill pipe, whichever is the
larger
4.15.3 A corrosion-resistant screen or perforated plate with 9.5-mm ( -
in.) holes, to exclude birds or other animals, shall be provided and have
a net area at least equal to the vent line.
4.15.4 In the case of a screen, this requires a gross area at least one and
one-half times the cross-sectional area of the discharge pipe(s) or fill
pipe, whichever is larger.
4.15.7 The overflow pipe shall not be included as vent area.
FIRE TANK
Filling
13.1.10.1 The tank shall be kept filled, and the water level shall never be more than 76 mm
or 102 mm (3 in. or 4 in.) below the designated fire service level
13.1.11.3 A listed, closed-circuit, high-water and low-water level electric alarm shall be
permitted to be used in place of the gauge where acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction
13.4.6.1 Pipes for the automatic filling of suction tanks shall discharge into the opposite
half of the tanks from the pump suction pipe
Filling Pumps.
14.4.2 The means to fill the tank shall be sized to fill the tank in a maximum time of 8 hours
13.4.2.2 The filling pipe shall be of at least 50 mm (2 in.) and, except as noted in 13.4.3,
shall be connected directly into the tank discharge pipe, in which case a listed indicating
control valve and a check valve shall be placed in the filling pipe near the tank discharge
pipe, with the check valve located on the pump side of the listed indicating valve.
FIRE TANK
Over flow
13.5.1 Size. The overflow pipe shall be of adequate capacity for the operating conditions
and shall be of not less than 75 mm (3 in.) throughout
13.5.2.1 The inlet of the overflow pipe shall be located at the top capacity line or high
waterline.
13.5.2.2 The inlet also shall be located at least 25 mm (1 in.) below the bottom of the flat
cover joists in a wood tank, but shall never be closer than 50 mm (2 in.) to the top of the tank.
13.5.2.3 Unless the maximum fill capacity is known and the overflow capacity is calculated
to be at least equal to the fill capacity, the overflow pipe shall be at least one pipe size
larger than the fill line and shall be equipped with an inlet such as a concentric reducer, or
equivalent, that is at least 50 mm (2 in.) larger in diameter.
13.5.2.4 The inlet shall be arranged so that the flow of water is not retarded by any
obstruction.
FIRE TANK
Riser Drain.
13.6.4.1 A drain pipe of at least 50 mm (2 in.) that is fitted with a controlling valve and a
12-mm (½-in.) drip valve shall be connected into the tank discharge pipe near its base and,
where possible, on the tank side of all valves.

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Water system discussion

A retard chamber prevents sudden pressure surges which could cause a

operation of the first sprinkler and the entrance of

component of sprinkler system:

Man reference NFPA 13 , 2013

General Sprinkler Characteristics ( 3.6.1 )

3.6.4.10.1 Standard Spray Sprinkler

8.3.2.3 High-temperature sprinklers shall be permitted to be used throughout

component of sprinkler system:

See nfpa 13 from 6.3.7.1 to 6.3.7.7

component of sprinkler system:

1- building plane area

8.5.2.2.2 The maximum area of coverage of any sprinkler

light hazard = 225 ft2

Minimum height of concealed that permitted to be protect is 36”

7.6 Minimum Sizes for Standpipes and Branch Lines.

7.6.3 Where the building is protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler

4.15.6* A listed check valve or backflow preventer shall be installed in the

Churn + static = 155

4.15.2 A vent pipe shall have a cross-sectional area equal to a minimum

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