PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

SURFACE TENSION
• Property of a liquid to resist an external force
and assume a lesser surface area.
• Due to the strong attractive and cohesive forces
between and among the molecules at the
surface of the liquid.
• The liquids that have strong intermolecular
forces also have high surface tension.
SURFACE TENSION
EXAMPLES OF SURFACE TENSION
• Walking on water
• Floating needle
• Clinical test for jaundice
• Surface tension disinfectants
• Soaps and detergents
• Washing with cold water
• Shape of bubbles
CAPILLARY ACTION
• Tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be
drawn into small openings.
• Capillarity- result of intermolecular attraction
between the liquid and solid materials.
CAPILLARY ACTION
CAPILLARY ACTION
TYPES OF FORCES INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY
ACTIONS
• Cohesion
• Intermolecular attraction between like molecules.

• Adhesion
• Attraction between unlike molecules.
TYPES OF FORCES INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY
ACTIONS
• When the cohesive
forces between the
liquid molecules are
greater than the
adhesive forces between
the liquid and the walls
of the container, the
surface of the liquid is
convex.
TYPES OF FORCES INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY
ACTIONS
• When the cohesive
forces between the
liquid molecules are
lesser than the adhesive
forces between the
liquid and the walls of
the container, the
surface of the liquid is
concave.
TYPES OF FORCES INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY
ACTIONS
• When both adhesive
and cohesive forces
are equal, the surface
is horizontal.
VISCOSITY
• Resistance of the liquid to flow.
• Also known as dynamic, absolute, or simple
viscosity.
• Thickness or thinness of a liquid.
• The greater the intermolecular forces, the more
viscous the substance.
• The greater the viscosity, the slower the liquid
flows.
VISCOSITY
• Kinematic viscosity
• ratio of the viscosity of a fluid to its density.
• Measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the
influence of gravity.
• Measured using capillary viscometer.
VISCOSITY
• Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces
have higher viscosities than those that have
weak forces.
• Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
VISCOSITIES OF LIQUIDS OF SELECTED
SUBSTANCES
LIQUIDS VISCOSITY (in Ns/m
Acetone 3.16𝑥10−4
Benzene 6.25𝑥10−4
Carbon tetrachloride 9.69𝑥10−4
Diethyl ether 2.33𝑥10−4
Ethanol 1.20𝑥10−3
Glycerol 1.49
Mercury 1.55𝑥10−3
Water 1.01𝑥10−3
VAPOR PRESSURE
• Pressure exerted by its vapor when in
equilibrium with its liquid or solid in a closed
container at a given temperature.
• Increases with temperature.
• Indication of a liquid’s evaporation rate.
• Substances with strong intermolecular forces will
have low vapor pressure.
VAPOR PRESSURE
• A liquid with a high
vapor pressure at
normal temperatures
are called volatile.
VAPOR PRESSURE
SUBSTANCE VAPOR PRESSURE AT 25°C
Pentane 0.71 atm
Acetone 0.28 atm
Ethyl alcohol 0.08 atm
Water 0.03 atm
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
• Amount of heat required to vaporize one mole
of a substance at its boiling point.
• The application of heat disrupts the
intermolecular forces of attraction of the liquid
molecules and allow them to vaporize.
• The stronger intermolecular force, the more
energy it takes to free the molecules from the
liquid phase.
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
𝒌𝑱
SUBSTANCE ∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 ( ) Boiling Point (°C)
𝒎𝒐𝒍
Argon 6.3 -186
Pentane 26.5 36.1
Acetone 30.3 56.5
Ethanol 39.3 78.3
Water 40.79 100
BOILING POINT
• Temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal
to the external or atmospheric pressure.
• The temperature increases the kinetic energy
where the energy of the particle movement
exceeds the intermolecular forces that hold
them together.
• The greater the attractive forces, the higher the
energy needed to increase the kinetic energy.
BOILING POINT
• Temperature at which the liquid converts into a
gas.
• The stronger the intermolecular force, the higher
the boiling point.
BOILING POINTS OF LIQUID
𝒌𝑱
SUBSTANCE ∆𝑯𝒗𝒂𝒑 ( ) Boiling Point (°C)
𝒎𝒐𝒍
Argon 6.3 -186
Benzene 31.0 80.1
Diethyl ether 26.0 34.6
Ethanol 78.3 39.3
Mercury 59.0 357
Methane 9.2 -164
Water 40.79 100
BOILING POINT
UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER
• Good solvent
• High specific heat
• The boiling point is unusually high
• Solid water is less dense, and floats on liquid
water