Water purification Techniques

GENG201
Done by: Ahmad Shour
John-Claude Chamandi
Mostapha Abu Taam
Date: January 18, 2018

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Outline:
• Importance of Water and It’s Sources
• Definition of Water Purification and It’s Importance
• Background of Water Purification
• Example of Water Purification Systems
• Conclusion
• Questions to Be Asked
• References

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Importance of Water and It’s Sources
• Water is an essential need for life
• The place that doesn’t contain water, doesn't
contain life
• Water mainly found in oceans, water vapor
and clouds in sky, and aquifers underground
• Natural water is not pure
• Water purification comes as a solution

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Definition of Water Purification and It’s importance
• Process for removal undesired contaminants
or chemical compounds
• Substances removes includes parasites,
bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi and minerals
• Government agencies who set the quality
which water must be purified
• According to united nations, 1.8 m die each
year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water

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Background of Water Purification systems
• Back to 2000 BC they knew that heating
might purify water
• They knew the techniques of, straining and
“sand and gravel filtration”
• 1700 AD: First water filters were applied
• 1804 AD: First actual water treatment plant
was designed by Robert Thom

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Background of Water purification Systems( Cont’d)
• 1854 AD : John Snow applied chlorine to
purify water
• 1890 AD: American started building large
sand filters
• Early 20 s century they discover other
disinfectants such as hypochlorite and ferric
chloride dissolved together, and ozone
• In middle of 20s century water softening
was invented

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Some of Water purification System
1) Sediment Filter:

• Sediment filter traps the sediments from water and

remove these particles

• Sediment filters are made up of cotton, ceramics,

polypropylene, polyester, cellulose and glass fiber
• Sediment filters are rated by micron size
• The human’s hair diameter is about 90 micron
• There are two types of rating according to
manufacturers: Nominal, absolute and beta ratio

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Some of Water Purification system(Cont’d)
1) Types of Sediment Filter:
• Depth filters : water passes through layers of filters
• Surface filters: water passes through thin sheet of layer, it has
more surface are

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Some of Water Purification System (Cont’d)
2) Ultra Violate Treatment:
• UV rays help illuminate microorganism
such has bacteria and viruses

• UV rays used are 254nm.

• UV rays change the genetic code of the

microorganisms leaving unable to function
and replicate

• 99.99% of harmful microorganism are

destroyed without the use of chemicals
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Some of Water Purification System(Cont’d)
2) Ultra Violate Treatment:

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Some of Water Purification System(Cont’d)
3) Ion Exchange Filtration :
• In this process ionic Contaminants will be
removed from water.
• Ions will be removed and replaced by other ions.
• Cations are exchanged by positively charged
ions such as sodium.
• Anions are exchanged with negatively charged
ions such as chloride.
• Anion exchange can eliminate contaminates
such as fluoride, arsenic, sulfate and nitrate.

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Some of Water Purification System(Cont’d)
4) Distillation:
• Distillation is one of the oldest method of
water purification
• The process begins with heating a liquid to
boiling point.
• The liquid evaporates
• The vapor is then cooled
• The cooled vapor then condenses forming a
distillate
• Purified form of the original liquid.
• Impurities are left behind

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Some of Water Purification System(Cont’d)
5) Reverse osmosis:
• It is the process of forcing a solvent from a
region of high solute concentration to a
region of low solute concentration through a
semi-permeable membrane.
• A semi-permeable membrane is used to
remove ions, molecules and larger particles
from water.
• An applied pressure is used to overcome
osmotic pressure , driven by chemical
potential differences of the solvent.
• The solute is retained on the pressurized side
of the membrane and the pure solvent is
allowed to pass to other side.

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Some of Water Purification System(Cont’d)
6) Activated Carbon Filtration:
•It is based on the adsorption of
contaminants onto the surface of a filter.
•The adsorption efficiency depends on the
nature of activated carbon used, the water
composition , and operating parameters.
•The contaminants adhere to the surface of
the activated carbon
•Activated carbon filters are efficient to
remove certain organics.
•It’s not effective for microbial contaminants.

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Conclusion
• Water purification can go through more than one process
• Each process contribute in water treatment
• That way water will be free of any kind of contaminants (sand,
microbes..)

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References:
• Ahsan, Amimul. (2015). Journal of Desalination and Water Purification.
• “Water hidden,” 2004 – Delta Werker online, www.deltawerker.com
• Jordon K. Lanfair, Stephen T. Schroth “ Water Treatment,” www.britannica.com/2017
• S.M.Enzler MSC “ History of Water Purification,” www.Lenntech.com
• “ Water Purification,” https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ water. Purification, 2017
• “Purification Technology.” DrinkMore Water, 4 Nov. 2016, www.drinkmorewater.com/water-purification-methods
• “UV purification.” Https://Www.espwaterproducts.com/Understanding-Uv/.
• “Pure Water Gazette How It Works Series.” How Ultraviolet Water Treatment Works,
www.purewateroccasional.net/hwuv.html
• “Pure Water Gazette How It Works Series.” How Sediment Filters Work,
www.purewateroccasional.net/hwsedimentfilter.html
• Reich, David. “What Is Ion Exchange?” Fluence, Fluence, 2 Nov. 2017, www.fluencecorp.com/what-is-ion-exchange/
• “Water Treatment Solutions.” Lenntech Water treatment & purification, www.lenntech.com/library/fine/sediment-
filters.html
• Hance, Elizabeth. “Filtration Definition: Lesson for Kids.” Study.com, Study.com,

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