Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SAFTA
(Trade Liberalisation Programme - Non Tariff Barriers)
Presented by
Khondaker Golam Moazzem
Research Fellow, CPD
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I. Smooth Functioning of SAFTA: Major Challenges
• In the backdrop of very limited intra-regional trade in South Asia,
SAFTA has started to operate since 1 July, 2006.
• The pace of tariff liberalization finalised under the SAFTA
Agreement is much slower than the one proposed in the GEP
Report, perhaps reflecting the current state of affairs in
terms of economic cooperation in the region.
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I. Smooth Functioning of SAFTA: Major Challenges
(contd…)
SAFTA Framework Agreement refers to such measures as
• Harmonisation of standards, reciprocal recognition of tests
and accreditation;
• Harmonisation of customs clearance and customs
cooperation;
• Transit facilities, particularly for land-locked contracting
states;
• Removal of barriers to intra-SAARC investments;
• Development of communication system and transport
infrastructure;
• Rules of fair competition and promotion of venture capital,
simplification of procedure for business visas.
From the above, one important challenge for the current WTO
multilateral negotiations is to allow Governments to achieve
their genuine regulatory objectives while preventing
protectionist abuses.
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III. NTBs: Experience of Developing Countries (contd…)
It cannot be denied that developing countries need to take steps to
improve their legal and regulatory environment to support the
participation of their national firms in international markets and
enhance their competitiveness. Product standards and domestic sector
regulations are areas that require attention.
The modernization of standards systems, including institutions and
infrastructure for certification, is essential for operating in the current
global trade environment.
Meeting international standards for quality, safety, health, environment
and consumer protection is increasingly becoming a precondition for
competing in international markets. It has also become a major factor
constraining many exporters, particularly in the LDCs, from benefiting
fully from preferential access initiatives.
Technical assistance for raising capacity to comply with regulations
and standards should also be strengthened.
The participation of developing countries in international standard
setting activities should be facilitated.
Finally, the promotion of mutual recognition agreements (MRAs)
between developed and developing countries, as well as among
developing countries, will also help substantively in reconciling
frictions and disputes caused by different regulations between trading
partners and lead to large cost savings for exporting firms worldwide.
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries
India Import India has eliminated its import licensing requirements for most
Licensing consumer goods. Importers of vehicles of any type face
restrictive and trade-distorting import practices.
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
India Standards, The GOI has identified 109 specific commodities that the BIS
Testing, must certify before the products are allowed to enter the
Labeling country. A system now exists by which foreign companies can
and receive automatic certification for products made outside India
Certification provided BIS has first inspected the production facility.
India Other In case of pharmaceutical markets, while the scope of the rigid
barriers government-controlled pricing system has been reduced, final steps to
eliminate it have stalled.
Sri Import Import tariffs and other import charges: Currently, there are 5 tariff
Lanka Policies bands of 0 percent, 2.5 percent, 6 percent, 15 percent, and 28 percent.
Textiles, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment are free of duty.
Basic raw materials are generally assessed a 2.5 percent duty. Semi-
processed raw material tariffs are 6 percent, while intermediate product
tariffs are 15 percent. Most finished products are at 28 percent. There
are also a number of deviations from the five-band tariff policy
(Tobacco and cigarette). In addition, there are specific duties on certain
items, including footwear, ceramic products, and agricultural products.
Imports for export industries enter duty free.
According to U.S. trade data, the total value of imports affected by the
EDB will be about $5 million out of a total of about $143 million annual
U.S. exports to Sri Lanka. The total effect on U.S. exports could be
much higher, while calculating U.S.-sourced products sent via other
trading hubs.
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
Sri Import Sri Lanka requires import licenses for over 300 items at the 6-digit
Lanka Licensing level of the Harmonized System (HS) code, mostly for health,
environment, and national security reasons. Importers must pay a fee
equal to 0.1 percent fee of the import price to receive an import
license.
Customs The Government of Sri Lanka implemented the WTO Customs
Barriers Valuation Agreement in January 2003 and follows the transaction value
method to determine the C.I.F. value. Customs is also in the process of
installing an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system to support an
automated cargo clearing facility. When implemented, this system
should improve customs administration and facilitate trade.
Standards, There are 85 items that come under the Sri Lanka Standards Institution
Testing, (SLSI) mandatory import inspection scheme. These importers have to
Labeling, obtain a clearance certificate from the SLSI to sell their goods. SLSI
and accepts letters of conformity from foreign laboratories, but retains the
Certificatio discretion to take samples and perform tests.
n The Ministry of Health has drawn up a draft law to regulate the import
of GM food. Some large foreign food exporters have expressed
concern about this proposed regulation, which is thought to be
excessive and could hinder exports of US brands to Sri Lanka.
A new labeling and advertising regulation came into effect from April
01, 2004. New features of the latest regulations include the date of
manufacture, the name or INS number of the food additives, claims
that are allowed and disallowed, etc.
Poultry and meat: There is a temporary ban on all poultry imports due
to fears of HPAI. Imports of beef from the United States are banned due
to fears of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). 20
IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
Bangla Import Import licenses are not required for any imports into Bangladesh. However, in
desh Licensing addition to the standard LCA import procedure, a permit, clearance, prior
permission or approval may be required for a number of imported products.
Many of the clearance requirements for items on the restricted list are based on
health or safety grounds and therefore seem to be "automatic" in nature.
Some categories of the restricted items can be imported only by the registered
industrial consumers, including export-oriented ready-made garments; hosiery
and specified textile industries operating under the bonded warehouse system;
the pharmaceutical (allopathic) industries; and foreign exchange hotels.
An import permit or clearance permit is required from the CCIE in the following
cases: (i) imports of books, magazines, journals, periodicals, and scientific and
laboratory equipment; (ii) imports of free samples, advertising materials, and gift
items above the prescribed ceiling; (iii) imports of drugs and medicines; and
(iv) imports of capital machinery for joint-venture industrial units.
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
Bangla Standards, Standards, testing, and certification
desh Testing, There are 1,612 standards in Bangladesh of which about 8% are compulsory.
Labeling, and Testing and certification procedures for compulsory standards are the same
Certification for domestic and imported products. Bangladesh has notified the WTO of its
acceptance of the Code of Good Practice of the WTO Agreement on Technical
Barriers to Trade.
At present, some 36 Bangladeshi standards are identical to ISO standards,
and another 15 are identical to IEC standards. Bangladesh has been a
member of the ISO since 1974, but is not yet a member of the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The internationally equivalent standards
in Bangladesh are mostly voluntary.
The adoption of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 certification is regarded as an
essential instrument for the Bangladeshi exporters to market their products in
foreign markets. So far, 25 companies have obtained ISO 9000 certificates
and two companies have obtained ISO 14000 certificates. Some 12 companies
have been awarded HACCP certificates.
At present, there is no laboratory accreditation scheme in Bangladesh. While
there are no accredited Bangladeshi laboratories, there are some
multinational companies operating in Bangladesh whose certificates are
accepted in the country.
Bangladesh does not as yet participate any bilateral or mutual recognition
agreements with its trading partners in the areas of standards, testing, and
certification. However, the Government is currently promoting such initiatives
with the SAARC countries; a MOU in the area of quality, standardization, and
testing is to be signed between the Bureau of India Standards and the BSTI.
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
Bangla Standards, Labeling and packaging
desh Testing, All imports are required to carry a label indicating the country of origin.
Labeling, The label must also indicate quantity, weight, measure, trade
and description, component materials, and date of manufacture/expiry.
Certificatio Bangla or English is permissible for labeling.
n
For imports of food and beverages, the dates of manufacture and of
expiry must be clearly printed. Marking of the ingredients and
composition of milk food is required in Bangla. In addition, imports of
milk food with fat content, and baby food must be in a tin container, and
import of non-fat dried milk must be in a bag or tin.
For imports of pesticides and insecticides, labels must contain
information on the manufacture and ingredients, as well as warning,
antidote, and direction for use, in Bangla.
Final measures may be taken for a period of five years from the date of
imposition; however, the Government may renew the duty for a further
period of five years, upon review, if it is believed that there would be
continued injury.
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IV. NTBs Applied by South Asian Countries (contd…)
Maldives Standards Standards, testing, and certification
and other There are no known Maldivian standards, and no formal
technical mechanism exists on standards. Australian, United Kingdom,
requirements and United States standards are sometimes required.
Rice There are about 600 varieties of rice are grown in India. These include both
basmati and non- basmati rice. Sri Lanka, accepts up to 100% broken rice
(non-basmati).
Transformers In Sri Lanka, exporters require the KEMA4 certificate (ISO standards) even
though the product certified by several reputed third-party inspection
agencies like Crown Agents, ISO 9001:2000, Lloyds, Bureau Veritas, S.G.S.
Robert, W. Hunt Company, BSI Inspectorate, Griffith UK, OMIC Japan,
Tubescope Vecto GmbH Germany etc. Even though obtaining this certificate
is not very complex or expensive, it demands lot of time and effort, which is
an irritant to exporters.
Cosmetics Sri Lanka specifies registration in their country even if the Indian exporter
has registration in India. This registration is specific to Sri Lanka and is not a
mandatory procedure for exports to other countries. Hence, this aggravates
the agony of the exporter especially while exporting to Sri Lanka
Mango pulp In case of mango pulp export to Sri Lanka, Indian exporters are required to
obtain a Health certificate from the Ministry of Health of Sri Lanka. This test
is conducted in order to specify the exact contents of the product. This test
is conducted over a period of 2 days and costs about Rs.5000- Rs.7000 per
consignment. 28
V. NTBs Facing by South Asian Countries within Region
India Textile Although most importing countries accept the quality certification from ISO and
products Bureau Veritas, Sri Lanka asks for certification from its own agencies like Sri
Lanka Standards Institution. This is a problem for Indian exporters as they have
to get this certificate and incur the cost and the time even though they have an
ISO certificate from a recognised agency in India.
Sanitary Sri Lanka does not accept products packed in straws. They demand that such
ware products be packed in 5-ply corrugated boxes. India does not manufacture
enough 5-ply corrugated boxes to meet the existing demand. The prices are too
high compared to the other countries. This actually increases the costs of the
packaging and affects the product pricing in the international market.
Others Regarding the first category of barriers in Sri Lanka majority of the firms faced
barriers related to product standards. In the second category of barriers
majority of the firms felt there were barriers related to banks and to competition.
Majority of the firms exporting to Sri Lanka disagreed that there was any kind of
discrimination against them vis-à-vis other competitors.
Majority of the firms exporting to Sri Lanka stated that they incurred expenses
between 0 and 5% of total sales revenue to meet standards.
Other Many buyers in Sri Lanka demand under invoicing in order to save themselves
barriers from import duties. This causes exporters undue harassment. Also Indian
banks like the State Bank of India do not confirm the LC issued by Banks of
Thailand and most banks of Vietnam. Due to non-confirmation of the LCs the
exporters are not able to take orders. On the other hand, some of the private
banks like Citibank, HSBC do confirm the Letter of Credit.
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V. NTBs Facing by South Asian Countries within Region
Trade Logistics • While road routes for trade between India and Pakistan are
non-existent, rail and air connectivity between the two
countries has been erratic.
Stringent • Pakistani consignment are subject to more stringent
checking checking and detailed security checks in India (e.g. Pakistani
Molasses is allowed in 1 ton packs only because of security
reasons)
Closure of land • Closure of land routes (Wagha, Khokrapar, and Ganda Singh
routes Wala (near Kasur) is also seriously hampering trade with
India
Port • There is higher port congestions, higher port and demurrage
congestions charges, more paper work, and generally more issues of
trade and transport facilitation in Pakistan
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V. NTBs Facing by South Asian Countries within Region
Bangla Major India has imposed non-tariff restrictions on Bangladesh export items which
desh products include biscuits, jam, jelly, fruit juice, soft beverage, vegetables, Jamdani
saree, jute, jute goods, and cement. India also imposed anti-dumping duty on
dry cell battery exports.
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V. NTBs Facing by South Asian Countries within Region
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V. NTBs Facing by South Asian Countries within Region
Table: Selected Bangladeshi Products Facing NTBs in Indian Market, 1997
HS Code Product Name NTMs
30310 Salmon, Pacific, frozen, whole 100
30339 Flatfish except halibut, plaice or sole, frozen, whole 100
30376 Eels, frozen, whole 100
30379 Fish nes, frozen, whole 100
30410 Fish fillet or meat, fresh or chilled, not liver, roe 100
30420 Fish fillets, frozen 100
30520 Livers and roes, dried, smoked, salted or in brine 100
30549 Smoked fish & fillets other than herrings or salmon 100
30614 Crabs, frozen 100
30619 Crustaceans nes, frozen 100
50510 Feathers and down used for stuffing 100
50610 Ossein and bones treated with acid 100
60499 Foliage,branches, for bouquets, etc. - except fresh 100
70390 Leeks & other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled 100
70910 Globe artichokes, fresh or chilled 100
70990 Vegetables, fresh or chilled nes 100
90230 Tea, black (fermented or partly) in packages < 3 kg 100
90240 Tea, black (fermented or partly) in packages > 3 kg 100
Source: Deb (2006), "Rules of Origin and Non-Tariff Barriers in Agricultural Trade: Perspectives from Bangladesh and 35
VI. Removal of NTBs: Experience of AFTA
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VI. Removal of NTBs: Experience of AFTA (contd…)
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VI. Removal of NTBs: Experience of AFTA (contd…)
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