Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of steel structures
prepared by
Josef Machacek
List of lessons
2
Objectives
Effective width
method • Introduction (plate stability and strength).
Shear buckling
Notes
• Shear buckling.
• Buckling under local loading.
3
Objectives
Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses
Effective width
method Stability of an ideal (flat) plate:
Shear buckling
4
Objectives
Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses
Shear buckling
cr k σ E or cr k E
Buckling under
local loading
critical stress factor Euler stress
Interaction N+M+F
Assessment
"Euler stress" E
Notes Auxiliary value, for a compression strut of width "1":
PE
2 2
PE 2D 2E t t
E 189800
b
1 t 1 t b 2 12 1 2 b b
PE
1
Critical stress factor: k = 4
(depends on loading and
boundary conditions,
k = 23,9
see literature)
2
b
k = 5,34 4
a
for 1
a b
5
Objectives
Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses
Effective width
method Strength of an actual (imperfect) plate:
Shear buckling
Equations of a plate with „large deflections“ (Karman’s equations):
Buckling under
local loading 4w 4w 4w 2 2w 2 2w 2 2w
(1)
D 4 2 2 2
4
Et 2 2 0
2
y x 2 x y x y x y
2 2
Interaction N+M+F x x y y
4
4
w w 2w
4 2 2
(2) 2 2 2 0
y 4 x 2 y 2 xy
Assessment
x 4 x y
Notes
Plate imperfections
stability initial residual stresses due to welding
(buckling modes) deflections
b cr,1
a idealized
w0 = b/200 real
cr,1 w0 weld
cr,1 w0
6
Objectives
Introduction Introduction
Buckling due to
direct stresses
Effective width
method
Example of a compression plate with initial deflections and
residual stresses:
Shear buckling
Buckling under
t
local loading beff/2
Interaction N+M+F b
beff/2
Assessment
initial max = fy
Notes deflection
beff b
db
fy b 0
7
Objectives
Effective width
method Eurocode 1993-1-5: Plated structural elements
Shear buckling
1. Buckling due to direct stress (loading N, M):
Buckling under
local loading Verification of class 4 cross sections:
Interaction N+M+F a) effective width method, in which the buckling parts of plates are
Assessment excluded,
b) reduced stress method, in which the stresses of full cross section are
Notes
determined and limited by buckling reduction factors x, z, w:
Ieff
a) aAeffA,effI,eff b)b A,A,I I
x x
x x, zz,
w
eMe
M
Note:
b) does not include stress redistribution after buckling among
individual parts of cross section!!!
8
Objectives
Effective width
method Reduction (buckling) factors:
Shear buckling
Internal elements:
Buckling under
p 0,055 3
local loading
fy b/t
Interaction N+M+F 1,0 p = 2/1
2
p
cr 28 ,4 k σ
Assessment
Notes
p 0,188
2
1,0
p
9
Objectives
Shear buckling The effectivep area of the compression zone of a plate: Ac,eff Ac
Buckling under • internal elements: = 1/2
local loading
2
Interaction N+M+F
1 2 1 > ≥ 0: beff = b be1 beff
Assessment
5
be1 be2
Notes b be2 = beff - be1
bc bt
Factors k
10
Objectives
beff beff
1 > ≥ 0: < 0:
1 1
2 beff = c beff = bc = c /(1- )
2
c bc bt
Factors k
1 1>>0 0 0>>-1 -1
11
Objectives
Interaction N+M+F
Assessment
eN
Notes
this eccentricity invokes additional moment from the axial
force due to shift of neutral axis in interaction of M - N
Effective parameters of class 4 cross sections (Aeff, Weff) are determined
by common way.
NEd M NEd eN
1 Ed 1,0 (in stability checks:
f y Aeff f y Weff introduce , LT)
M0 M0
12
Objectives
Effective width
method Stiffened plates: Ac,eff,loc
b1,edge,eff b3,edge,eff
Shear buckling
13
Objectives
Buckling under
local loading
Interaction N+M+F
Assessment
Notes
14
Objectives
Shear buckling Rotating stress field theory is used. Influence of stiffeners is included
Buckling under proportionally to higher critical stress – after modification agrees with
local loading tests.
Interaction N+M+F
Design resistance to shear (including shear buckling):
Assessment
= 1,2 up to steels S460
Notes
f y hw t 235
Vb,Rd Vbw,Rd Vbf,Rd
3 M1 fy
contribution from the flanges (can be ignored)
contribution from the web
tf
VEd
Verification of ULS: 3 1,0 t hw
Vb,Rd
tf
bf
15
Objectives
Phase 2
Vt Vt Truss behaviour
Phase 3
frame behaviour
Vf Vf (influence of several %)
16
Objectives
Buckling under Factor w for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance
local loading may be (in acc. to tests) increased for rigid end post and internal panels:
Interaction N+M+F
Slenderness Rigid end post Non-rigid end post
Assessment
Notes w 0,83 /
1 2 w
17
Objectives
Effective width
method
Web slenderness w
Shear buckling
• unstiffened webs (with the exception at the beam ends):
Buckling under fy / 3 hw
local loading w
cr 86,4 t
Interaction N+M+F
18
Objectives
V1,s ss V2,s
V hw ss c ss Vs
2,s
a
Effective width
method
Example of local web buckling:
Shear buckling
Buckling under
local loading
Interaction N+M+F
Assessment
Notes
20
Objectives
Introduction Interaction N + M + F
Buckling due to
direct stresses
Effective width
method
Verification for local buckling:
Assessment
Interaction N + M + F:
Notes
2 0,8 1 1,4
i.e.:
FEd N M NEd eN
0,8 Ed Ed 1,4
fy fy Aeff fy Weff
Leff t w
M1 M0 M0
21
Objectives
Introduction
Buckling due to
Assessment
direct stresses
Effective width
method
• Ideal and actual plate – differences.
Shear buckling
Buckling under
local loading
• Eurocode approaches concerning
Interaction N+M+F buckling effects.
Assessment
Effective width
method • This session requires about 90 minutes of lecturing.
Shear buckling • Within the lecturing, buckling of plates under direct, shear and
local loading is described. The lecture starts with linear theory
Buckling under of buckling and resulting critical stress, followed with non-
local loading
linear theory of buckling of actual imperfect plate and its
Interaction N+M+F resistance. The buckling resistances under direct stress,
shear and local loading in accordance with Eurocode are
Assessment
commented.
Notes
• Further readings on the relevant documents from website of
www.access-steel.com and relevant standards of national
standard institutions are strongly recommended.
• Keywords for the lecture:
buckling of plates, ideal plate, real plate, buckling due to direct
stresses, buckling under shear, local buckling, interaction
formulas for buckling.
Objectives
Effective width
method • Subject: Buckling of plates.
Shear buckling • Lecture duration: 90 minutes.
Buckling under • Keywords: buckling of plates, ideal plate, real plate, buckling
local loading due to direct stresses, buckling under shear, local buckling,
Interaction N+M+F
interaction formulas for buckling.
Assessment • Aspects to be discussed: Ideal plate, critical stress, real plate,
reduction factor. Behaviour of plates under shear loading.
Notes Behaviour of plates under local loading. Eurocode approach.
• After the lecturing, determination of effective cross section
parameters (class 4 effective parameters) should be
practised.
• Further reading: relevant documents www.access-steel.com
and relevant standards of national standard institutions are
strongly recommended.
• Preparation for tutorial exercise: see examples prepared for
the course.
24