CALCULUS I( with Analytic Geometry)

MATH 21-1
 CO2
Discuss comprehensively the fundamental
concepts in Analytic Geometry and use them to
solve application problems and problems
involving lines.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
Lesson 1: Rectangular Coordinate System,
Directed Distance, Distance Formula
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

DEFINITION:
• Analytic Geometry – is the branch of mathematics, which
deals with the properties, behaviours, and solution of points,
lines, curves, angles, surfaces and solids by means of algebraic
methods in relation to a coordinate system(Quirino and
Mijares) .
• It is a unified algebra and geometry dealing with the study of
relationships between different geometric figures and
equations by means of the geometric properties and
processes of algebra in relation to a coordinate system (
Marquez, et al).
 Two Parts of Analytic Geometry

1. Plane Analytic Geometry – deals with figures on a

plane surface (two-dimensional geometry, 2D).

2. Solid Analytic Geometry – deals with solid figures (

three-dimensional geometry, 3D).
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

A pair of number (x, y) in which x is the first and y the

second number is called an ordered pair. It defines the
position of a point on a plane by defining the directed
distances of the point from a vertical line and from a
horizontal line that meet at a point called the origin, O.
The x-coordinate of a point , known also as its abscissa, is
the directed distance of the point from the vertical axis, y-
axis; while the y-coordinate, also known as the ordinate, is
its directed distance from the horizontal axis, the x-axis.
 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Horizontal Distance Between Points

The horizontal distance between any two points is the

difference between the abscissa (x-coordinate) of the
point on the right minus the abscissa (x-coordinate) of
the point on the left; that is,

Distance, d = xright - xleft

 Vertical Distance Between Any Two Points

The vertical distance between any two points is the

difference between the ordinate (y-coordinate) of the
upper point minus the ordinate (y-coordinate) of the
lower point; that is,

Dis tance d = yupper - ylower

 Distance Between Any Two Points on a Plane

The distance between any two points on a plane

is the square root of the sum of the squares of the
difference of the abscissas and of the difference
of the ordinates of the points. That is, if
P1 ( x1, y1 ) and P2 ( x2, y2 ) are the points, then

d= ( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 )
2 2
dis tan ce
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. By addition of line segments verify whether the points A ( - 3, 0 ) ,

B(-1, -1) and C(5, -4) lie on a straight line.
2. The vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle are at (1, 2) and
(4, -1). Find the ordinate of the third vertex if its abscissa is 6.
3. Show that the points A(-2, 6), B(5, 3), C(-1, -11) and D(-8, -8) are the
vertices of a rectangle.
4. The ordinate of a point P is twice the abscissa. This point is
equidistant from (-3, 1) and (8, -2). Find the coordinates of P.
5. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from (6, 1) and (-2, -3).
Lesson 2: DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT
Let us consider a line segment bounded by the points
P1 ( x1, y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ) . This line segment can be subdivided
in some ratio and the point of division can be determined. It
is also possible to determine terminal point(s) whenever the
given line segment is extended beyond any of the given
endpoints or beyond both endpoints . If we consider the
point of division/ terminal point to be P (x, y ) and define the
ratio, r, to be ®
P1P
r= ®
P1P2
then the coordinates of point P are given by:

x = x1 + r ( x2 - x1 )
y = y1 + r ( y2 - y1 )
 If the line segment is divided into two equal parts, then the
point of division is called the midpoint. The ratio, r, is equal
to ½ and the coordinates of point P are given by:
1
x = x1 + ( x2 - x1 )
2
1
y = y1 + ( y2 - y1 )
2
or simply by:
1
x = ( x1 + x2 )
2
1
y = ( y1 + y2 )
2
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. The line segment joining (-5, -3) and (3, 4) is to be divided into five equal
parts. Find the point of division nearest to (-5, -3).
2. The line segment from (1, 4) to (2, 1) is extended a distance equal to twice
its length. Find the terminal point.
3. On the line joining (4, -5) to (-4, -2), find the point which is three-seventh
the distance from the first to the second point.
4. Find the trisection points of the line joining (-6, 2) and (3, 8).
5. The line segment joining a vertex of a triangle and the midpoint of the
opposite side is called the median of the triangle. Given a triangle whose
vertices are A(4,-4), B(10, 4) and C(2, 6), find the point on each median
that is two-thirds of the distance from the vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side.
 Lesson 3:
INCLINATION AND SLOPE A LINE, ANGLE BETWEEN
TWO INTERSECTING LINES AND AREA OF POLYGON BY
COORDINATES
 INCLINATION AND SLOPE OF A LINE

The angle of inclination of the line L or simply

inclination , denoted by a , is defined as the smallest
positive angle measured from the positive direction of
the x-axis to the line.
The slope of the line, denoted by m , is defined
as the tangent of the angle of inclination; that is,
m = tan a
And if two points P1 ( x1, y1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 )are points on
the line L then the slope m can be defined as
y2 - y1
m = tan a =
x2 - x1
 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

If two lines are parallel their slope are

equal. If two lines are perpendicular, the slope of
one line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of
the other line.
If m1 is the slope of L1 and m2 is the slope
of L2 then , or m m = -1.
1 2

Sign Conventions:
Slope is positive (+), if the line is leaning to the right.
Slope is negative (-), if the line is leaning to the left.
Slope is zero (0), if the line is horizontal.
Slope is undefined , if the line is vertical.
y y

a1 a2 a1 a2
x x
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find the slope, m, and the angle of inclination of the
line through the points (8, -4) and (5, 9).
2. The line segment drawn from (x, 3) to (4, 1) is
perpendicular to the segment drawn from (-5, -6) to
(4, 1). Find the value of x.
 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO INTERSECTING LINES

The angle between two intersecting lines is the positive acute

angle measured from one line (L1) to the other ( L2).
L2



L1
mt  mi
tan  
1  mimt

Where: mi = slope of the initial side

mt = slope of the terminal side
note :     180 0
 Sample Problems

1. Find the angle from the line through the points (-1,
6) and (5, -2) to the line through (4, -4) and (1, 7).
2. The angle from the line through (x, -1) and (-3, -5)
to the line through (2, -5) and (4, 1) is 450 . Find x
 AREA OF A POLYGON BY COORDINATES
Consider the triangle whose vertices are P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2)
and P3(x3, y3) as shown below. The area of the triangle can
be determined on the basis of the coordinates of its
vertices. y

P1 x1 , y1  P3 x3 , y3 

o x

P2 x2 , y2 
 Label the vertices counterclockwise and evaluate the area
of the triangle by:
x1 y1 1
1
A  x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
The area is a directed area. Obtaining a negative value
will simply mean that the vertices were not named
counterclockwise. In general, the area of an n-sided
polygon can be determined by the formula :

1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 . . xn x1
A
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 . . yn y1
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (-

6, -4), (-1, 3) and (5, -3).
2. Find the area of a polygon whose vertices are (6, -
3), (3, 4), (-6, -2), (0, 5) and (-8, 1).
Lesson 4: EQUATION OF A LOCUS
 EQUATION OF A LOCUS

An equation involving the variables x and y is usually

satisfied by an infinite number of pairs of values of x and y,
and each pair of values corresponds to a point. These points
follow a pattern according to the given equation and form a
geometric figure called the locus of the equation.
Since an equation of a curve is a relationship satisfied by
the x and y coordinates of each point on the curve (but by
no other point), we need merely to consider an arbitrary
point (x,y) on the curve and give a description of the curve in
terms of x and y satisfying a given condition.
 Sample Problems

Find an equation for the set of all points (x, y) satisfying

the given conditions.
1. It is equidistant from (5, 8) and (-2, 4).
2. The sum of its distances from (0, 4) and (0, -4) is 10.
3. It is equidistant from (-2, 4) and the y-axis
Lesson 5: STRAIGHT LINES / FIRST DEGREE
EQUATIONS
NORMAL FORM:
Suppose a line L, whose equation is to be found, has its
distance from the origin to be equal to p. Let the angle of
inclination of p be  .
Since p is perpendicular to L, then the slope of p is equal to the
negative reciprocal of the slope of L,
1 cos 
m   cot  , or m  
tan sin 
Substituting in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b , we obtain
cos  p
y x
sin  sin 
or x cos  y sin   p
the normal form of the straight line
 Reduction of the General Form to the Normal Form

The slope of the line Ax+By+C=0 is  A . The slope of p which is

B
perpendicular to the line is therefore B ; thus, tan  B .
A
A
B
From Trigonometry, we obtain the values sin  
A  A2  B 2
and cos   .
 A B
2 2

If we divide the general equation of the straight line by

, we have
A2  B 2 A
x 
B
y 
C
0
2
 A B
2 2 2
 A B
2
 A B
2

A B C
x  y 
or  A2  B 2  A2  B 2  A2  B 2
This form is comparable to the normal form x cos  y sin  p .
Note: The radical takes on the sign of B.
 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

Given a line L whose equation is Ax + By + C = 0.

The line Ax + By + K = 0 , for any constant K not equal
to C, is parallel to L;
and the Bx – Ay + K = 0 is perpendicular to L.
 DIRECTED DISTANCE FROM A LINE TO A POINT

The directed distance of the point P(x1, y1) from the

Ax1  By 1  C
line Ax + By + C = 0 is d  ,
 A B2 2

where the radical takes on the sign of B.

 P1 x1 , y1 
y
note : 
d1  0
 if d  0, the point
is above the line
 if d  0, the point
is below the line Ax1  By1  C  0
x

d2  0


P2 x2 , y2 
 Sample Problems
1. Determine the equation of the line passing through (2, -3) and
parallel to the line through (4, 1) and (-2, 2).
2. Find the equation of the line passing through point (-2, 3) and
perpendicular to the line 2x – 3y + 6 = 0
3. Find the equation of the line, which is the perpendicular bisector
of the segment connecting points (-1, -2) and (7, 4).
4. Find the equation of the line whose slope is 4 and passing through
the point of intersection of lines x + 6y – 4 = 0 and 3x – 4y + 2 = 0.
5. The points A(0, 0), B(6, 0) and C(4, 4) are vertices of triangles. Find
the equations of the medians and their intersection point
 CLASSWORK 1
1. The abscissa and ordinate of a point 2 5 units from (3, 3) are
numerically equal but of opposite signs. Find the point.
2. Given two points A(8, 6) and B(–7, 9), determine a third point
P(x, y) such that the slopes of AP and BP are ½ and –2/3
respectively.
3. A line through (–6,–7) and (x, 7) is perpendicular to a line
through (1,–4) and (–5, 2). Find x.
4. A line passes through (6,–4) and makes an angle of 1350 with
the x-axis. Find the equation of the line.
5. The angle from the line through (–1, y) and (4,–7) to the line
through (4, 2) and (–1,–9) is 1350. Find y.
6. Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle between
the lines x + 2y – 3 = 0 and 2x + y – 4 = 0.
 REFERENCES

Analytic Geometry, 6th Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle

Analytic Geometry, 7th Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
Fundamentals of Analytic Geometry by Marquez, et al.
Algebra and Trigonometry, 7th ed by Aufmann, et al.