Meteoroids, Asteroids

and Comets

Oh, my!
What makes up our Solar System?

• The sun
• Planets
• Moons
• Asteroid belt (between Mars and Jupiter)
• Lots of space
• All sorts of bits and pieces of rock
 Meteorite vs. Meteoroid
• Meteoroid = while in space a meteorite is
called a meteoroid
• Meteorite = a small rock or rocky grain that
strikes Earth’s surface
 Meteor
• Sometimes called a
“Shooting Star”
• When a meteorite
enters Earth’s
atmosphere, friction
causes them to burn
up, producing a
streak of light
 Where do they come from?
How big are they?

• Pieces of rock that broke off other objects

• Sizes range from as small as a pebble or
as big as a huge boulder
 Are they dangerous?
• Most meteoroids disintegrate before
reaching the earth by burning up in Earth’s
atmosphere
• Some leave a trail that lasts several
minutes
• Meteoroids that reach the earth are called
meteorites. Large ones can cause
damage
 Flagstaff, Arizona
• 49,000 years ago
• Meteorite about 150
feet in diameter
• Weighed 650 pounds
• Energy = 2.5 million
tons of dynamite
• 4000 feet wide, 650 Barringer Meteorite Crater
feet deep
• Still visible today
 What’s a “Meteor Shower”?
• Usual rate = six meteors per hour
• During a Meteor Shower = rate may be as
high as 60 meteors per hour
• Occur when Earth passes through the tail
or debris of a comet
 Comets
• Bodies in space made up of ice, dust,
small gritty particles
• Sometimes called “dirty snowballs”
• When close to the sun, ice vaporizes,
producing a spectacular streak of gas,
referred to as a “tail”
Comets
 Where do comets come from?
• Many ordinate in a region called the Oort
cloud which is located beyond the orbit of
the dwarf planet Pluto

• Others originate in the Kuiper Belt beyond

the orbit of Neptune

• This region is filled with billions of comets

 Famous Comets
• Comet Hale-Bopp

• Halley’s Comet

• Comet Kohoutek
A Comet’s Tail
 Asteroids
• An irregularly shaped
rocky object in space
(like a space potato)
• May be the shattered
remains of objects left
over from the time
when the planets
were formed
 How big are asteroids?
• Larger than meteoroids
• (In fact, the main difference between
meteoroids and asteroids is their size.)

• Size ranges from 10 feet across to bigger

than a mountain
 Asteroids
• Approx. 150,000 asteroids in the Solar
System
• Most are in a band that orbit the sun
between Mars and Jupiter (Asteroid Belt)
 Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs)
• At least 1000 asteroids orbit outside of the
Asteroid Belt – these could be a danger to
Earth
• Asteroids that cross Earth’s orbit are
called Near-Earth Asteroids or NEAs
 Large Asteroid hits Earth
65 Million Years Ago

• Catastrophic Collision
• Asteroid 6 to 12 miles
in diameter
• Near the Yucatan
Peninsula in the Gulf
of Mexico
 Large Asteroid hits Earth
65 Million Years Ago

• Collision produced an explosion =

100 trillion tons of dynamite
• Gouged out a crater about 60 miles in
diameter
 What do Scientists Think
Happened?
• Forests were wiped clean for a distance of
300 to 600 miles in all directions
• 300 foot wave struck the coast of Texas
• Powerful Earthquakes
• Landslides destroyed long stretches of
coastline
 What do Scientists Think
Happened
• Explosion threw huge amounts of debris
into the air, covering large parts of North
America
• Poisonous gases and dust soared high
into the atmosphere, spread over most of
the Earth, and then fell back onto the
Earth’s surface
 What do Scientists Think
Happened
• Sunlight was blocked from reaching the
Earth’s surface for many months
• Temperatures plummeted to the freezing
point in normally warm areas
• Not enough sunlight for photosynthesis
• Plants died . . . Animals died
• Many animals became extinct (including
many types of dinosaurs)
 Torino Scale
• A system used to rate the hazard level of
an object moving toward Earth
 Review

• Q: What is the difference between a

meteoroid, meteororite, and a meteor?
• Q: What is the difference between an
asteroid and a meteoroid?
 Review
• Q: Why is it important to study smaller
bodies in our Solar System such as
comets or asteroids?

• They help us learn about the history of our

Solar System.
 Review
• Q: Why do planets and moons with
atmospheres have less impact craters
than those without atmospheres?

• The atmosphere slows and burns smaller

objects like meteorites, thus many do not
reach the surface to create an impact.
 Review
• Bright streaks of light that result when
rocky bodies burn up in the atmosphere
are called ___________.
• Frozen bodies made of ice, rock, and dust,
sometimes called “dirty snowballs” are
called _____________.
• Small, rocky bodies that revolve around
the sun are called ______________.
 Review
• Bright streaks of light that result when
rocky bodies burn up in the atmosphere
are called meteors.
• Frozen bodies made of ice, rock, and dust,
sometimes called “dirty snowballs” are
called comets.
• Small, rocky bodies that revolve around
the sun are called asteroids.
 Review
• Q: Discus what could happen if the Earth
experienced another large asteroid impact.
How would it affect life on Earth?

• Forests flattened for many miles

• If asteroid landed in water, it would cause
giant waves and landslides
• Powerful Earthquakes
 The devastation continues…
• Poisonous gases and dust fills the
atmosphere, blocks out the sun
• Temperatures drop drastically
• No photosynthesis = plants die = animals
die
• Some animals become extinct
 Review
• Q: Where is the Asteroid Belt?
• Asteroid Belt is between Mars and Jupiter

• Q: What is the Torino Scale?

• A system used to rate the hazard level of
an object moving toward Earth