Lecture Presentation

Chapter 10

Gases

Dr. Subhash C. Goel

South Georgia College
Douglas, GA
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Characteristics of Gases
• Unlike liquids and solids, gases
– Expand to fill their containers.
– Are highly compressible.
– Have extremely low densities.
– Examples:
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe
H2, N2, O2, Cl2
CO2, NH3, SO2, CH4

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Gases Pushing
• Gas molecules are constantly in
motion.
• As they move and strike a surface,
they push on that surface.
 push = force
• If we could measure the total
amount of force exerted by gas
molecules hitting the entire surface
at any one instant, we would know
the pressure the gas is exerting.
 pressure = force per unit area
Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 3
 The Effect of Gas Pressure
• The pressure exerted by a gas can cause
some amazing and startling effects.
• Whenever there is a pressure difference,
a gas will flow from area of high pressure
to low pressure.
The bigger the difference in pressure, the
stronger the flow of the gas.
• If there is something in the gas’s path,
the gas will try to push it along as the gas
flows.
Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 4
 Pressure
• Pressure is the
amount of force
applied to an area:
F
P=
A
• Atmospheric
pressure is the
weight of air per
unit of area.

Gases

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 Units of Pressure

• Pascals
– 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
[1 N = 1 kg-m/s2]
• Bar
– 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Units of Pressure
• mmHg or torr
– These units are
literally the difference
in the heights
measured in mm (h)
of two connected
columns of mercury.

Gases

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 Standard Pressure
• Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level
is referred to as standard pressure.

• It is equal to
– 1.00 atm
– 14.7 psi
– 760 torr (760 mmHg)
– 101.325 kPa
Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 10.1 Converting Pressure Units
(a) Convert 0.357 atm to torr. (b) Convert 6.6  102 torr to atmospheres. (c) Convert 147.2 kPa to torr.

Solution
Analyze In each case we are given the pressure in one unit and asked to convert it to another unit. Our task,
therefore, is to choose the appropriate conversion factors.
Plan We can use dimensional analysis to perform the desired conversions.

Solve
(a) To convert atmospheres to torr, we use the relationship 760 torr = 1 atm:

Note that the units cancel in the required manner.

(b) We use the same relationship as in part (a). To get the appropriate units
to cancel, we must use the conversion factor as follows:

(c) The relationship 760 torr = 101.325 kPa allows us to write

an appropriate conversion factor for this problem: 760 torr = 101.325

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
Manometer

The manometer is used

to measure the
difference in pressure
between atmospheric
pressure and that of a
gas in a vessel.

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 10.2 Using a Manometer to Measure Gas
Pressure
On a certain day a laboratory barometer indicates that the
atmospheric pressure is 764.7 torr. A sample of gas is
placed in a flask attached to an open-end mercury
manometer and a meter stick is used to measure the height
of the mercury in the two arms of the U tube. The height
of the mercury in the open-end arm is 136.4 mm, and the
height in the arm in contact with the gas in the flask is
103.8 mm. What is the pressure of the gas in the flask (a)
in atmospheres, (b) in kilopascals?

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 10.2 Using a Manometer to Measure Gas
Pressure
Continued

Solve
(a) The pressure of the gas equals the atmospheric pressure plus h:

We convert the pressure of the gas to atmospheres:

(b) To calculate the pressure in kPa, we employ the conversion factor

Between atmospheres and kPa:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Boyle’s Law
Robert Boyle (1627–1691)

• Pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its

volume.
 constant T and amount of gas
 graph P vs. V is curve
 graph P vs. 1/V is straight line
• As P increases, V decreases by the same factor.
• P × V = constant
• P1 × V1 = P2 × V2

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 13

P and V are Inversely Proportional

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Boyle’s Law: A Molecular View
• Pressure is caused by the molecules striking the
sides of the container.
• When you decrease the volume of the container
with the same number of molecules in the
container, more molecules will hit the wall at the
same instant.
• This results in increasing the pressure.

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 15

 Charles’s Law
Jacques Charles (1746–1823)

• Volume is directly proportional to

temperature.
constant P and amount of gas
graph of V vs. T is straight line
• As T increases, V also increases.
• Kelvin T = Celsius T + 273
• V = constant × T
if T measured in Kelvin

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 16

 If you plot volume vs.
temperature for any gas at
constant pressure, the points
will all fall on a straight line.

If the lines are

extrapolated back
to a volume of “0,”
they all show the
same temperature,
–273.15 °C, called
absolute zero.

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 17

 Example 3: A gas has a volume of 2.57 L at 0.00 °C.
What was the temperature at 2.80 L?
Given: V1 = 2.57 L, V2 = 2.80 L, t1 = 0.00 °C

Find: t2, K and °C

Conceptual V1, V2, T2 T1
Plan:

Relationships: T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15,

Solution:

Check: Since T and V are directly proportional, when the volume

decreases, the temperature should decrease, and it does.

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 18

 Avogadro’s Law
Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856)
• volume directly proportional to
the number of gas molecules
V = constant × n
while P and T remain constant
more gas molecules = larger
volume
• count number of gas molecules
by moles

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 19

 Avogadro’s Law
• Equal volume of gases at constant P and T
have same number of moles of gas

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Exercise 4: A 0.225-mol sample of He has a volume of
4.65 L. How many moles must be added to give 6.48 L?
Given: V1 = 4.65 L, V2 = 6.48 L, n1 = 0.225 mol

Find: n2, and added moles

Conceptual V1, V2, n1 n2
Plan:

Relationships: mol added = n2 – n1,

Solution:

Check: Since n and V are directly proportional, when the volume

increases, the moles should increase, and it does.

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 21

 Ideal-Gas Equation

• So far we’ve seen that

V  1/P (Boyle’s law)
V  T (Charles’s law)
V  n (Avogadro’s law)
• Combining these, we get
nT
V
P
Gases

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 Ideal-Gas Equation

The constant of
proportionality is
known as R, the
gas constant.

Gases

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 Ideal-Gas Equation

The relationship nT
V
P

then becomes nT
V=R
P
or
PV = nRT
Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 5 Using the Ideal-Gas Equation
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s), the principal compound
in limestone, decomposes upon heating to CaO(s) and
CO2(g). A sample of CaCO3 is decomposed, and the
carbon dioxide is collected in a 250-mL flask.
After decomposition is complete, the gas has a pressure
of 1.3 atm at a temperature of 31 C. How many moles
of CO2 gas were generated?

Solution
Analyze We are given the volume (250 mL), pressure Plan Because we are given V, P, and T, we can solve
(1.3 atm), and temperature (31 C) of a sample of CO2 the ideal-gas equation for the unknown quantity, n.
gas and asked to calculate the number of moles of CO2
in the sample.
Solve
In analyzing and solving gas law problems, it is helpful
to tabulate the information given in the problems and
then to convert the values to units that are consistent
with those for R (0.08206 L-atm/mol-K). In this case
the given values are
Remember: Absolute temperature must always be used
when the ideal-gas equation is solved.
We now rearrange the ideal-gas equation
(Equation 10.5) to solve for n

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 6 Calculating the Effect of Temperature
Changes on Pressure
The gas pressure in an aerosol can is 1.5 atm at 25 C. Assuming that the gas obeys the ideal-gas equation,
what is the pressure when the can is heated to 450 C?

Solution
Analyze We are given the initial pressure (1.5 atm) and temperature (25 C) of the gas and asked for the
pressure at a higher temperature (450 C).

Plan The volume and number of moles of gas do not change, so we must use
a relationship connecting pressure and temperature. Converting temperature
to the Kelvin scale and tabulating the given information, we have

Solve To determine how P and T are related, we start with the ideal-gas
equation and isolate the quantities that do not change (n, V, and R) on
one side and the Variables (P and T) on the other side.

Because the quotient P/T is a constant, we can write

(where the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the initial and final states, respectively).
Rearranging to solve for P2 and substituting the given data give

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 7 Calculating the Effect of Changing P and T
on Gas Volume
An inflated balloon has a volume of 6.0 L at sea level (1.0 atm) and is allowed to ascend until the pressure is
0.45 atm. During ascent, the temperature of the gas falls from 22 C to 21 C. Calculate the volume of the
balloon at its final altitude.

Solution
Analyze We need to determine a new volume for a gas sample when both pressure and temperature change.
Plan Let’s again proceed by converting temperatures to kelvins and tabulating our information.

Because n is constant, we can use Equation 10.8.

Solve Rearranging Equation 10.8 to solve for V2 gives

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Density at Standard Conditions
• Density is the ratio of mass to volume.
• Density of a gas is generally given in g/L.
• mass of 1 mole = molar mass
• volume of 1 mole at STP = 22.4 L

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 28

 Practice 8: Calculate the density of N2(g) at STP.
Given: N2
Find: dN2, g/L
Conceptual MM d
Plan:

Relationships:

Solution:

Check: The units and magnitude are reasonable.

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 29

 Densities of Gases

If we divide both sides of the ideal-gas

equation by V and by RT, we get

n P
=
V RT

Gases

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 Densities of Gases

• We know that
– Moles  molecular mass = mass
n=m
• So multiplying both sides by the
molecular mass () gives
m P
=
V RT Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Densities of Gases

• Mass  volume = density

• So, m P
d= =
V RT
Note: One needs to know only the
molecular mass, the pressure, and the
temperature to calculate the density of
a gas. Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 9 Calculating Gas Density
What is the density of carbon tetrachloride vapor at 714 torr and 125 C?

Solution
Analyze We are asked to calculate the density of a gas given its name, its pressure, and its temperature. From the
name we can write the chemical formula of the substance and determine its molar mass.
Plan We can use Equation 10.10 to calculate the density. Before we can do that, however, we must convert the
given quantities to the appropriate units, degrees Celsius to kelvins and pressure to atmospheres. We must also
calculate the molar mass of CCl4.

Solve The absolute temperature is 125 + 273 = 398 K. The pressure is (714 torr) (1 atm/760 torr) = 0.939. The
molar mass of CCl4 is 12.01 + (4) (35.45) = 153.8 g/mol. Therefore,

Check If we divide molar mass (g/mol) by density (g/L), we end up with L/mol. The numerical value is roughly
154/4.4 = 35 . That is in the right ballpark for the molar volume of a gas heated to 125 C at near atmospheric
pressure, so our answer is reasonable.

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Molecular Mass
We can manipulate the density equation
to enable us to find the molecular mass
of a gas:
P
d=
RT
becomes
dRT
= P
Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 10 Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas
A large evacuated flask initially has a mass of
134.567 g. When the flask is filled with a gas of
unknown molar mass to a pressure of 735 torr at 31 C,
its mass is 137.456 g. When the flask is evacuated again
and then filled with water at 31 C, its mass is
1067.9 g. (The density of water at this temperature is
0.997 g/mL.) Assuming the ideal-gas equation
applies, calculate the molar mass of the gas.

Solution
Analyze We are given the temperature (31 C) and
pressure (735 torr) for a gas, together with information
to determine its volume and mass, and we are asked to
calculate its molar mass.
Solve The gas mass is the difference between the
mass of the flask filled with gas and the mass of the
evacuated flask:
Plan We need to use the mass information given to
calculate the volume of the container and the mass
of the gas in it. From this we calculate the gas
density and then apply Equation 10.11 to calculate
the molar mass of the gas.
137.456 g  134.567 g = 2.889 g

The gas volume equals the volume of water the

flask can hold, calculated from the mass and
density of the water. The mass of the water is the
difference between the masses of the full and
evacuated flask: 1067.9 g  134.567 g = 933.3 g

Rearranging the equation for density (d = m/V),

we have

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 10 Calculating the Molar Mass of a Gas
Continued

Knowing the mass of the gas (2.889 g) and its

volume (0.936 L), we can calculate the density of
the gas: 2.889 g/0.936 L = 3.09 g/L

After converting pressure to atmospheres and

temperature to kelvins, we can use Equation 10.11 to
calculate the molar mass:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures
• The total pressure of a mixture of gases
equals the sum of the pressures that
each would exert if it were present
alone.
• In other words,
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The partial pressure of each gas in a
mixture can be calculated using the ideal
gas law.

Tro, Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 38

 Sample Exercise 11: Applying Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
A mixture of 6.00 g O2(g) and 9.00 g CH4(g) is placed in a 15.0-L vessel at 0 C. What is the partial pressure
of each gas, and what is the total pressure in the vessel?

Solution
Analyze We need to calculate the pressure for two Plan Because each gas behaves independently, we
gases in the same volume and at the same temperature. can use the ideal gas equation to calculate the
pressure each would exert if the other were not
present. The total pressure is the sum of these two
partial pressures.

Solve We first convert the mass of each gas to moles:

We use the ideal-gas equation to calculate the partial

Pressure of each gas:

According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures

(Equation 10.12), the total pressure in the vessel Pt = PO2 + PCH4 = 0.281 atm + 0.841 atm = 1.122 atm
is the sum of the partial pressures:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Partial Pressures

• When one collects a gas over water, there is

water vapor mixed in with the gas.
• To find only the pressure of the desired gas,
one must subtract the vapor pressure of
water from the total pressure.
• Ptotal = Pgas + Pwater Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 12 Calculating the Amount of Gas Collected
over Water
When a sample of KClO3 is partially decomposed in the setup shown in Figure 10.15, the volume of gas collected
is 0.250 L at 26 C and 765 torr total pressure. (a) How many moles of O2 are collected? (b) How many grams of
KClO3 were decomposed?

Solution
(a) Analyze We need to calculate the number of moles of O2 gas in a container that also contains water vapor.
Plan We are given values for V and T. To use the ideal-gas equation to calculate the unknown, nO2, we must know
the partial pressure of O2 in the system. We can calculate this partial pressure from the total pressure (765 torr) and
the vapor pressure of water.
Solve The partial pressure of the O2 gas is the difference between the total pressure and the pressure of the water
vapor at 26 C, 25 torr (Appendix B):
PO2 = 765 torr  25 torr = 740 torr
We use the ideal-gas equation to calculate the number of moles of O2:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Sample Exercise 10.12 Calculating the Amount of Gas Collected
over Water
Continued

(b) Analyze We need to calculate the number of moles of reactant KClO3 decomposed.
Plan We can use the number of moles of O2 formed and the balanced chemical equation to determine the number
of moles of KClO3 decomposed, which we can then convert to grams of KClO3.
Solve From Equation 10.17, we have 2 mol .

The molar mass of KClO3 is 122.6 g/mol. Thus, we can convert the number of moles of O 2 from part (a) to moles
of KClO3 and then to grams of KClO3:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
Kinetic-Molecular Theory

This is a model that aids in our

understanding of what happens to gas
particles as environmental conditions
change.

Gases

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Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular
Theory
Gases consist of large numbers of
molecules that are in continuous,
random motion.

Gases

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Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular
Theory
The combined volume of all the
molecules of the gas is negligible
relative to the total volume in which the
gas is contained.

Gases

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Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular
Theory
Attractive and repulsive
forces between gas
molecules are
negligible.

Gases

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Main Tenets of Kinetic-Molecular
Theory
Energy can be transferred between molecules
during collisions, but the average kinetic
energy of the molecules does not change with
time, as long as the temperature of the gas
remains constant.
The average kinetic energy of the molecules
is proportional to the temperature of the gas in
kelvins. Any two gases at the same
temperature will have the same average
kinetic energy
KE = ½ mu2
Gases

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 Gas Laws Explained—
Boyle’s Law
• Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure.
• Decreasing the volume forces the molecules into
a smaller space.
• More molecules will collide with the container at
any one instant, increasing the pressure.

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Gas Laws Explained—
Charles’s Law
• Charles’s law states that the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
• Increasing the temperature increases their
average speed, causing them to hit the wall harder
and more frequently.
– on average
• In order to keep the pressure constant, the volume
must then increase.

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Gas Laws Explained—
Avogadro’s Law

• Avogadro’s law states that the volume

of a gas is directly proportional to the
number of gas molecules.
• Increasing the number of gas molecules
causes more of them to hit the wall at
the same time.
• In order to keep the pressure constant,
the volume must then increase.
Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Gas Laws Explained—
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• Dalton’s law states that the total pressure of a
mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures.
• Kinetic-molecular theory says that the gas
molecules are negligibly small and don’t interact.
• Therefore, the molecules behave independently of
each other, each gas contributing its own collisions
to the container with the same average kinetic
energy.
• Since the average kinetic energy is the same, the
total pressure of the collisions is the same. Gases

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 Dalton’s Law and Pressure
• Since the gas
molecules are not
sticking together,
each gas
molecule
contributes its
own force to the
total force on the
side.
Gases

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Effusion

Effusion is the
escape of gas
molecules
through a tiny
hole into an
evacuated
space.

Gases

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 Diffusion
Diffusion is the
spread of one
substance
throughout a space
or throughout a
second substance.

Gases

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Molecular Speeds
According to kinetic theory, molecular speeds vary
over a wide range of values. The distribution
depends on temperature, so it increases as the
temperature increases.

Root-Mean Square (rms) Molecular Speed, u

A type of average molecular speed, equal to the
speed of a molecule that has the average
molecular kinetic energy
3RT
u
Mm
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5 | 55
When using the equation

R = 8.3145 J/(mol · K).

T must be in Kelvins
Mm must be in kg/mol

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5 | 56

Graham’s Law of Effusion
At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of
effusion of gas molecules through a particular hole
is inversely proportional to the square root of the
molecular mass of the gas.
1
rate of effusion of molecules 
Mm

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 5 | 57

 Graham's Law

r1 M2
=
r2 M1
M1 and M2 are the molar masses of gases.
This indicate that lighter gas has higher effusion rate.

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sample Exercise 13 Calculating a Root-Mean-Square Speed
Calculate the rms speed of the molecules in a sample of N2 gas at 25 C.

Solution
Solve We must convert each quantity in our equation to SI units.
We will also use R in units of J/mol-K (Table 10.2)
to make the units cancel correctly.

Gases

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Exercise 14 Applying Graham’s Law
An unknown gas composed of homonuclear diatomic molecules effuses at a rate that is 0.355 times the rate at
which O2 gas effuses at the same temperature. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown and identify it.

Because we are told that the unknown gas is composed of homonuclear

diatomic molecules, it must be an element. The molar mass must represent
twice the atomic weight of the atoms in the unknown gas. We conclude that
the unknown gas is I2.

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Practice 15—Calculate the ratio of the rate of
effusion for oxygen to hydrogen.
Given: O2, 32.00 g/mol; H2 2.016 g/mol

Find:
Conceptual MMO2, MMH2 rateA/rateB
Plan:

Relationships:
Solution:

This means that, on average, the O2 molecules

are traveling at ¼ the speed of H2 molecules.
Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
Real Gases

In the real world, the

behavior of gases
only conforms to the
ideal-gas equation
at relatively high
temperature and low
pressure.

Gases

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 Real Gases

Even the same gas

will show wildly
different behavior
under high pressure
at different
temperatures.

Gases

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Deviations from Ideal Behavior

The assumptions made in the kinetic-molecular

model (negligible volume of gas molecules
themselves, no attractive forces between gas
molecules, etc.) break down at high pressure
Gases
and/or low temperature.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Corrections for Nonideal Behavior

• The ideal-gas equation can be adjusted

to take these deviations from ideal
behavior into account.

• The corrected ideal-gas equation is

known as the van der Waals equation.

Gases

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The van der Waals Equation
n2a
(P + 2 ) (V − nb) = nRT
V

Gases

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 Sample Exercise 16 Using the van der Waals Equation
If 1.000 mol of an ideal gas were confined to 22.41 L at
0.0 C, it would exert a pressure of 1.000 atm. Use the van der
Waals equation and Table 10.3 to estimate the pressure
exerted by 1.000 mol of Cl2(g) in 22.41 L at 0.0 C.

Solution
Solve Substituting n = 1.000 mol, R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K, T = 273.2 K, V = 22.41 L, a = 6.49 L2-atm/mol2, and
b = 0.0562 L/mol:

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward