UNIT II

Krishan Arora
Assistant Professor
Lovely Professional University
 Determination of motor parameters
• Due to the similarity between the induction motor
equivalent circuit and the transformer equivalent
circuit, same tests are used to determine the
values of the motor parameters.
– DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
– No-load test: determine the rotational losses and
magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
– Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in
Transformers).
 DC test
– The purpose of the DC test is to determine R1. A
variable DC voltage source is connected
between two stator terminals.
– The DC source is adjusted to provide
approximately rated stator current, and the
resistance between the two stator leads is
determined from the voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
 DC test
– then VDC
RDC =
I DC
– If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator
resistance is
RDC
R1 =
2

– If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase

stator resistance is 3
R1 = RDC
2
 No-load test

1. The motor is allowed to spin freely

2. The only load on the motor is the friction and
windage losses, so all Pconv is consumed by
mechanical losses
3. The slip is very small
 No-load test

4. At this small slip

R2 (1 - s) R 2 (1 - s)
? R2 & ? X2
s s

The equivalent circuit reduces to…

 No-load test

5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get……

 No-load test
6. At the no-load conditions, the input power
measured by meters must equal the losses in the
motor.
7. The PRCL is negligible because I2 is extremely small
because R2(1-s)/s is very large.
8. The input power equals
Pin = PSCL + Pcore + PF &W
= 3I12 R1 + Prot

Prot = Pcore + PF &W

Where
 No-load test
9. The equivalent input impedance is thus
approximately Vf
Z eq = �X 1 + X M
I1,nl

If X1 can be found, in some other fashion, the

magnetizing impedance XM will be known
 Blocked-rotor test
• In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so
that it cannot move, a voltage is applied to
the motor, and the resulting voltage, current
and power are measured.
 Blocked-rotor test
• The AC voltage applied to the stator is
adjusted so that the current flow is
approximately full-load value.
• The locked-rotor power factor can be found as
Pin
PF = cos q =
3Vl I l
The magnitude of the total impedance
Vf
Z LR =
I
 Blocked-rotor test
Z LR = RLR + jX LR
'

= Z LR cos q + j Z LR sin q

RLR = R1 + R2
'
X LR = X 1' + X 2'

Where X’1 and X’2 are the stator and rotor

reactances at the test frequency respectively
R2 = RLR - R1
f rated '
X LR = X LR = X 1 + X 2
f test
 Blocked-rotor test
X1 and X2 as function of XLR

Rotor Design X1 X2

Wound rotor 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Class A 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Class B 0.4 XLR 0.6 XLR

Class C 0.3 XLR 0.7 XLR

Class D 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

 Example
The following test data were taken on a 7.5-hp, four-pole, 208-V, 60-Hz,
design A, Y-connected IM having a rated current of 28 A.
DC Test:
VDC = 13.6 V IDC = 28.0 A
No-load Test:
Vl = 208 V f = 60 Hz
I = 8.17 A Pin = 420 W
Locked-rotor Test:
Vl = 25 V f = 15 Hz
I = 27.9 A Pin = 920 W
(a) Sketch the per-phase equivalent circuit of this motor.
(b) Find the slip at pull-out torque, and find the value of the pull-out
torque.
 Example
The results of the no-load and blocked rotor tests on a three-phase,
60 hp, 2200 V, six-pole, 60 Hz, Class A squirrel-cage induction motor
are shown below. The three-phase stator windings are wye-connected.
• No-load test
Frequency = 60 Hz Line-to-line voltage = 2200 V
Line current = 4.5 A Input power = 1600 W
• Blocked-rotor test
Frequency = 15 Hz Line-to-line voltage = 270 V
Line current = 25 A Input power = 9000 W
• Stator resistance 2.8 ohm per phase
• Determine (a.) the no-load rotational loss (b.) the parameters of the
approximate equivalent circuit.
Solution
 Example
• A 480V, 60 Hz, 6-pole, three-phase, delta-
connected induction motor has the following
parameters: R1=0.461 Ω, R2=0.258 Ω, X1=0.507
Ω, X2=0.309 Ω, Xm=30.74 Ω
Rotational losses are 2450W. The motor drives a
mechanical load at a speed of 1170 rpm.
Calculate the following information:
i. Synchronous speed in rpm ii. slip
iii. Line Current iv. Input Power
v. Airgap Power vi. Torque Developed
vii. Output Power in Hp viii. Efficiency
 Crawling
• Sometimes, squirrel cage induction motors exhibits a tendency to run at
very slow speeds (as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed).
This phenomenon is called as crawling of an induction motor.
• This action is due to the fact that, flux wave produced by a stator
winding is not purely sine wave. Instead, it is a complex wave consisting
a fundamental wave and odd harmonics like 3rd, 5th, 7th etc. The
fundamental wave revolves synchronously at synchronous speed Ns
whereas 3rd, 5th, 7th harmonics may rotate in forward or backward
direction at Ns/3, Ns/5, Ns/7 speeds respectively. Hence, harmonic
torques are also developed in addition with fundamental torque.
3rd harmonics are absent in a balanced 3-phase system. Hence 3rdd
harmonics do not produce rotating field and torque. The total motor
torque now consist three components as: (i) the fundamental torque
with synchronous speed Ns, (ii) 5th harmonic torque with synchronous
speed Ns/5, (iv) 7th harmonic torque with synchronous speed Ns/7
(provided that higher harmonics are neglected).
• Now, 5th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 5 X 120 = 600°
=2 X 360 - 120 = -120°. Hence the revolving speed set up will be in reverse
direction with speed Ns/5. The small amount of 5th harmonic torque
produces breaking action and can be neglected.
• The 7th harmonic currents will have phase difference of 7 X 120 = 840° =
2 X 360 +120 = + 120°. Hence they will set up rotating field in forward
direction with synchronous speed equal to Ns/7. If we neglect all the
higher harmonics, the resultant torque will be equal to sum of
fundamental torque and 7th harmonic torque. 7th harmonic torque
reaches its maximum positive value just before1/7 th of Ns. If the
mechanical load on the shaft involves constant load torque, the torque
developed by the motor may fall below this load torque. In this case,
motor will not accelerate upto its normal speed, but it will run at a speed
which is nearly 1/7th of of its normal speed. This phenomenon is called
as crawling in induction motors.
 Cogging
• Sometimes, the rotor of a squirrel cage induction
motor refuses to start at all, particularly if the
supply voltage is low. This happens especially
when number of rotor teeth is equal to number
of stator teeth, because of magnetic locking
between the stator teeth and the rotor teeth.
When the rotor teeth and stator teeth face each
other, the reluctance of the magnetic path is
minimum, that is why the rotor tends to remain
fixed. This phenomenon is called cogging
or magnetic locking of induction motor.
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION
MOTORS
Equivalent Circuit of Double
Squirrel-Cage Motor
 The above Fig. shows a section of the double squirrel cage
motor. Here Ro and Ri are the per phase resistances of the
outer cage winding and inner cage winding whereas Xo and Xi
are the corresponding per phase standstill reactances. For the
outer cage, the resistance is made intentionally high, giving a
high starting torque. For the inner cage winding, the
resistance is low and the leakage reactance is high, giving a
low starting torque but high efficiency on load. Note that in a
double squirrel cage motor, the outer winding produces the
high starting and accelerating torque while the inner winding
provides the running torque at good efficiency.
 Fig. (i) shows the equivalent circuit for one
phase of double cage motor referred to stator.
The two cage impedances are effectively in
parallel. The resistances and reactances of the
outer and inner rotors are referred to the
stator. The exciting circuit is accounted for as
in a single cage motor. If the magnetizing
current (I0) is neglected, then the circuit is
simplified to that shown in Fig. (ii).