Forces That Affect Changes on

the Earth’s Surface

Earthquake
Maylene M. Tubig
M. Kalaw MS
 What forces
affect the
earth’s surface?
 GLACIERS
EROSION In the Arctic and
Wind, water, sub-Arctic,
and ice are the glacial erosion
three agents of has shaped
erosion, or the much of the
landscape.
carrying away
Glaciers
of rock, primarily erode
sediment, and through plucking
soil. and abrasion.
PLATE TECTONICS VOLCANOES
A volcano is
The theory of plate
simply an area
tectonics where magma,
describes the or molten rock,
motions of earth’s from the
earth’s mantle
lithosphere, or
reaches the
outermost layer of earth’s
hard, solid rock, surface,
over geologic time. becoming lava.
 EARTHQUAKES
Seismic activity
(earthquakes) is most often
associated with tectonic
plate boundaries. As plates
slowly move, their jagged
edges stick and suddenly
slip, causing an earthquake.
 Have you
experienced an
earthquake?
How do you feel?
 Earthquake-
a sudden and violent
shaking of the ground,
sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of
movements within the
earth's crust or volcanic
action.
Magnitude and Intensity measure
different characteristics of
earthquakes. Magnitude measures
the energy released at the source of
the earthquake. Magnitude is
determined from measurements on
seismographs. Intensity measures
the strength of shaking produced by
the earthquake at a certain location.
Intensity is determined from effects
on people, human structures, and the
natural environment.
 Earthquake is the
phenomena
experienced during
sudden movements of
the Earth's crust
.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0AEtX-
uPLA
 What do you call
the instrument used
to measure the
intensity of an
earthquake?
A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used
to detect and record earthquakes. Generally, it consists
of a mass attached to a fixed base. During an
earthquake, the base moves and the mass does not.
The motion of the base with respect to the mass is
commonly transformed into an electrical voltage. The
electrical voltage is recorded on paper, magnetic tape,
or another recording medium. This record is
proportional to the motion of the seismometer mass
relative to the earth, but it can be mathematically
converted to a record of the absolute motion of the
ground. Seismograph generally refers to the
seismometer and its recording device as a single
unit.
What are the effects of an earthquake?
Ground shaking Injuries and Death

Faulting and Ground Rupture

Landslides and ground subsidence

Damage to man-made structures

Spill of hazardous chemicals

tsunami Fires
 PHIVOLCS
The Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS) is a service institute of the
Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) that is principally mandated to
mitigate disasters that may arise from
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
tsunami and other related geotectonic
phenomena.
Which intensity
scales are
destructive
according to the
PHIVOLCS
Intensity Scale?