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1. AMASTIGOTE
• The parasite is more spherical in
Flagellum
shape and has no free flagellum.
Kinetosome
2. PROMASTIGOTE
anterior
posterior
Four Morphological Forms
3. EPIMASTIGOTE
• The kinetoplast is more anterior
kinetoplast
centrally located, usually just Undulating
anterior to nucleus. membrane
4. TRYPOMASTIGOTE
• The kinetoplast is located on anterior
kinetoplast posterior
Trypanosoma b. brucei
– Nagana disease (in animals)
Biological vector of
Trypanosoma b. gambiense
Stages:
Bite reaction (chancre)
Parasitemia (blood and lymphoid tissues)
Winterbottom’s sign
CNS stage
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
PATHOLOGY - produces a
chronic disease.
3. Winterbottom's sign
• Trypomastigotes invade the glands
of the posterior cervical region
where a visible enlargement or
swelling is seen. Very characteristic
of Gambian disease.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
4. CNS stage
• Trypomastigotes invade CNS
• Marked by changes in character and
personality.(lack of interest and disinclination
to work, avoidance of acquaintances, morose
and melancholic attitude alternating with
exaltation, mental retardation and lethargy,
low and tremulous speech, tremors of tongue
and limbs, slow and shuffling gait, altered
reflexes, etc.)
• The later stages are characterized by
drowsiness and uncontrollable urge to
sleep.
• The terminal stage is marked by wasting and
emaciation. Death results from coma,
intercurrent infection or cardiac failure
Trypanosoma cruzi
Causes American trypanosomiasis or
“Chagas’ disease”.
Site of entry of T.cruzi
Cutaneous - at the bite site of a triatomine
bug – develops a subcutaneous
inflammatory nodule (Chagoma).
Conjunctiva – develops painless, inflamed,
periophthalmic, unilateral oedema and
conjunctivitis (Romana’s sign).
Primary lesions accompanied by fever,
acute regional lymphadenitis and
dissemination to blood stream.
Trypanosoma cruzi
VECTOR -Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus
Leads to DEATH
Trypanosoma cruzi
Pre-erythrocytic
schizogony –
inoculation of the
infective sporozoites
to man during a
mosquito blood meal.
Within a few hours,
they are carried with
the blood circulation
into the liver
parenchymal cells.
Erythrocytic phase – Merozoites rapidly and specifically enter
erythrocytes. This specificity is manifested both for
erythrocytes as the preferred host cell type and for a
particular host species, thus implying receptor-ligand
interactions.
Differential diagnostic features of Plasmodium
species (Erythrocytic stages).
YOUNG
TROPHOZOITE
MATURE
TROPHOZOITE
SCHIZONT
GAMETOCYTE
Crescent shaped
Oval to round Oval to round Oval to round
or banana-shaped
3. Splenomegaly
Due to massive proliferation of
macrophages which phagocytize both
parasitized and non parasitized RBC.
LIFE CYCLE OF Toxoplasma gondii
Enteric cycle – occurs in cat
Cats are infected by ingestion of tissue cysts
containing tachyzoites and bradyzoites from
intermediate hosts.
Tachyzoites, bradyzoites and sporozoites from
oocysts can undergo several asexual cycles
Male and female gametocytes are formed and
give rise to gametes
Oocysts develop in the cat’s intestinal mucosa
after sexual fusion of male and female
gametes.
Oocysts sporulate and become infectious to
intermediate hosts.
Exoenteric cycle
Contaminated food and water containing
sporulated oocysts may cause infection to
intermediate hosts (humans, mice, rats,
and certain birds)
Ingested oocysts release sporozoites and
develop tissue cysts containing bradyzoites
and tachyzoites in various organs.
Undercooked meat from intermediate hosts
with tissue cysts can be a source of
infection when ingested by other hosts.
Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in
intermediate host
Infection most
commonly involve
nervous tissues.
Internal
accumulation as a
result of asexual
reproduction.
Cyst wall Immune response
by host slows
down the division.
Tachyzoites within
cysts transform
into bradyzoites.
SARCOCYSTIS spp.
S. hominis and S. suihominis
have humans as their definitive hosts.
S. hominis – cow is the intermediate host.
S. suihominis – pig is the intermediate host.
Other Sarcocystis spp. – have humans as one
of their intermiediate hosts (also as a dead-
end host).
LIFE CYCLE OF Sarcocystis hominis
Sarcocystis sp. tissue cysts/
sarcocysts
Infection most
commonly involve
muscles.
Sarcocyst in
skeletal muscle
packed with
bradyzoites.
Compartmentalized
by internal septa.