FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER

SYSTEMS (EE 270)

Chapter 4 (II)
Basic Principles

1
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

• The generation,
transmission &
distribution of
electrical power is
accomplished by
means of three-
phase circuit.
• Same amplitude but displaced in phase by
120°.
• This is call a balanced source.
Per-phase Analysis

• A current in the neutral of the balanced

WYE-connected loads are:-

I n  I a  Ib  I c  0
• Since the neutral carries no current, the
wire could be replaced with a short-circuit
or zero impedance wire.
• Thus the balanced power system problem
can be solved using a “per-phase” basis
Per-phase Analysis

ZL
VA Ia Va

ZG
Zp
EA

Single Phase Circuit for Per-Phase Analysis

Balanced Three-
Phase Power

• For balanced Y-connected loads:

VL
Vp  , I p  IL
3
• For balanced Δ-connected loads:

IL
Vp  VL , Ip 
3
Balanced Three-
Phase Power
• For balanced three phase power system with
Y or Δ connected loads
– for phase V and I: P3  3 V p I p cos
Q3  3 V p I p sin 
S3  P3  jQ3  3V p I p
*

– for line V and I:

P3  3 VL I L cos 
Q3  3 VL I L sin 
S3  P3  jQ3  3V p I p
*
Example

• Determined the following for the given

three-phase circuit.
a. The current, real power, and reactive
power drawn from the supply.
b. The line voltage at the combined loads.
c. The current per phase in each load.
d. The total three-phase real and reactive
powers in each load and the line.
Three-Phase Circuit
Solution (a)

• The current, real power, and reactive power

drawn from the supply.
– Transform the delta-connected load to a wye-
connected load.
Z  60  j 45
ZY 2    20  j15
3 3
– Transform the line voltage to phase voltage.
VL207.85
Vp    120V
3 3
Van  V p 0  1200
Solution

Zl = 2 + j4 Ω
a
A
I1 I2

VAn = 120 /_0oV ZY1 60 – j45 Ω ZY2

20 – j15 Ω

n n n

Z Z
Y1 Y2
Y1

Y2
Z

Z
b c b c

C
Solution (a)

• Transform to single-phase equivalent circuit for

easier analysis.
a I2
I Z L  2  j 4  I1

A ZY 1 ZY 2
Van  1200V Vload  30  j 40  20  j15

V  1200 0
V 
n An

• Get the total impedance

Z total  Z L  Z eq  Z L  ( ZY 1 // ZY 2 )  2  j 4  (30  j 40) //( 20  j15)  24

Solution (a)

– Calculate current.
Van 1200
I   5A
Ztotal 24
– Calculate three phase real and reactive power
supplied to the load.
  
S  3Vp I *p  3VAn I *  3 1200o 50o  1800W  j 0 var
• The real and reactive power supplied is 1800W and
0var respectively.
Solution (b)

• The line voltage at the combined loads.

Vload  IZ eq
 
 50 0 22  j 4   110  j 20V
 111.8  10.3o V

Vload ( line)  3 V p 30 o

 3 Vload 30 o
 
 3 111.8  10.3o 30 o
Solution (c)

• The current per phase in each load.

– Wye-connected load
Vload 111.8  10.3
I1    1  j 2  2.236  63.4 A
ZY 1 30  j 40
– Delta-connected load
I2  IL
Vload 111.8  10.3
I2    4  j 2  4.47226.56 A
ZY 2 20  j15
I 2  3 I p   30  3I ab 
2 ab 30
30o

I2 4.47226.56
II2 ab    2.58256.56 A
ab 3  30 3  30
Solution (d)

• The total three-phase real and reactive powers in

each load and the line
– Three-phase power absorbed by each load
S1  3Vload I1
*

 3 111.8  10.3  2.23663.4 

 450W  j 600 var
S2  3Vload I 2
*

 3 111.8  10.3  4.472  26.56 

 1200W  j900 var
S L  3  RL  jX L  I  3  2  j 4  5   150W  j 300 var
2 2

– Three-phase power absorbed by the line

Exercise

A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7Ω

per phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase
loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is
absorbing 560.1kVA at 0.707 power factor lagging.
The second load absorbs 132kW at unity power
factor. The line-to-line voltage at the load end of the
line is 3810.5V. Determine:
• The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of
the line.
• Total real and reactive power loss in the line.
• Real power and reactive power supplied at the
sending end of the line.
Exercise

A balanced delta-connected load consisting of a pure

resistances of 18Ω per phase is in parallel with a
purely resistive balanced wye-connected load of 12Ω
per phase. The combination is connected to at three-
phase balanced supply of 346.41Vrms (line-to-line)
via a three-phase line having and inductive reactance
of j3Ω per phase. Taking the phase voltage Van as
reference, determine
• The current, real power, and reactive power drawn
from the supply.
• The line-to-neutral and the line-to-line voltage of
phase a at the combined load terminals.
Review..

• Balanced Three-Phase Circuit

– Why three-phase
• Wye and Delta Connected Loads
• Wye-Delta Transformation
• Per-phase Analysis
• Balanced Three-Phase Power
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

• If the generator EBn

reaches their peak
values in the
sequence order ABC,
the generator is said
E An
to have positive
phase sequence.

ECn
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

• If the phase order is ECn

ACB, the generator is
said to have negative
phase sequence.
E An

EBn
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

• Two types of configuration:

– Wye / Star (Y) configuration
– Delta (Δ) configuration
• If a power system having a Y connected
generators usually includes both Δ and Y
connected loads.
• Generators are rarely Δ connected.
Why Three-Phase?

• Advantages
– Efficient use of copper in generator,
transmission and distribution conductors
– Economic advantage: instantaneous power
flow is constant (balanced operation) as
compared to single phase
– Three-phase motor exhibit efficient starting &
constant torque
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

Y-to-Y connection

Y-to-Δ connection
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit
VAn Ia Van
ZL

ZG

ZP
EAn
n n
EBn ECn ZP ZP
ZG ZG

Ic
ZL
VCn Vcn
VBn Vbn

Ib
ZL
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

• Y-connected generator supplying balanced Y-

connected load through a three-phase line
• Assuming a positive phase sequence, the
generated voltages are :

E An  Vp 0
EBn  Vp   120
ECn  Vp   240
Balanced Three-
Phase Circuit

• Terminal voltages at the generator and phase

voltages at the load terminals are balanced.
• The equations for a single phase (Phase A).

VAn  E An  ZG I a
Van  VAn  Z L I a
Wye Connected
Loads

WYE connected loads

• Assume a positive Vca
Vcn Vab
phase sequence, the
line-to-neutral voltage
of the a-phase are:- 30
Van
Van  Vp 0
Vbn
Vbn  Vp   120
Vcn  Vp   240 Vbc
Wye Connected
Loads

• If VL is the rms value of any of the line

voltages, then the load can be expressed
as:

VL  3 V p 30
Wye Connected
Loads

The line voltages at the load terminals in terms of

the phase voltages are found by the application
of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
Vab  Van  Vbn
 Vp (10  1  120)
 3 Vp 30
Vbc  Vbn  Vcn  3 Vp   90
Vca  Vcn  Van  3 Vp 150
Wye Connected
Loads

• Per-phase current are: Van

Ia   I p  
Zp
Vbn
Ib   I p   120  
Zp
Vcn
Ic   I p   240  
Zp
• Line and phase current are equal:
IL  I p
Delta Connected
Loads
Ia
a

I ab
Zp

Ib

Zp
b I ca

Zp
I bc
Ic
c
Delta Connected
Loads

• The phase current are: Ic

I ca
I ab  I p 0
I bc  I p   120 I ab
30
I ca  I p   240
Ib Ia
I bc
Delta Connected
Loads

• The relationship between phase and line current

can be obtained by applying Kirchhoff’s Current
Law at the corners of Δ.

I a  I ab  I ca  I p (10  1  240)
 3 I p   30
I b  I bc  I ab  3 I p   150
I c  I ca  I bc  3 I p 90
Delta Connected
Loads

• If IL is the rms value of any of the line current,

then the three-phase load may be expressed
as:
I L  3 I p   30

• Line and phase voltage are equal:

VL  V p
Example

• A 4157 Vrms, three-phase supply is

applied to a balanced Y-connected three-
phase load consisting of three identical
impedances of 48∟36.87°Ω. Taking the
phase to neutral voltage Van as reference,
calculate the phasor currents in each line
Solution

• Phasor current in each line:

Since the question did not mention the voltage as line-
to-line voltage, the voltage by default is a phase
voltage.
Van V p 0
Ia  
Z p 4836.87
 86.604  36.87  I p   
I b  I p  120     86.604  156.87
I c  I p  240     86.604  276.87
Delta – Wye
Transformation

• For analyzing network problems, it is

convenient to replace the Δ-connected
circuit with an equivalent Y-connected
circuit.
• Transformation equation for balanced
impedance:
Z
ZY 
3
Delta – Wye
Transformation

Find what is the equation to transform the unbalanced

impedance in DELTA to WYE and vice versa?