Hubungan Metabolisme

Organ Specialization

• The Brain Requires a Steady Supply of Glucose

• Muscle Utilizes Glucose, Fatty Acids, and Ketone
Bodies
• Adipose Tissue Stores and Releases Fatty Acids
and Hormones
• Liver Is the Body’s Central Metabolic Clearing
house
• Kidney Filters Wastes and Maintains Blood pH
• Blood Transports Metabolites in Interorgan
Metabolic Pathways
Major pathways of fuel metabolism
 Acetyl-CoA - Pyruvate
• Acetyl-CoA : glucose, fatty acids, and ketogenic
amino acids.
– oxidized to CO2 and H2O via the citric acid cycle
– oxidative phosphorylation
– synthesize ketone bodies or fatty acids.
• Pyruvate : glycolysis and the breakdown of
glucogenic amino acids.
– oxidatively decarboxylated to yield acetyl-CoA
– oxidation or to the biosynthesis of fatty acids.
– pyruvate can be carboxylated via the pyruvate
carboxylase reaction to form oxaloacetate
The metabolic interrelationships
brain, adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and kidney.
 Brain
• require a steady supply of glucose from the
blood
• high respiration rate : energy production,
membrane potential required for nerve
impulse transmission powers the plasma
membrane (Na–K)–ATPase
• Fast : ketone bodies
• Glucose < 5 mM : brain dysfunction, coma,
irreversible damage, and ultimately death
 Muscle Utilizes Glucose, Fatty Acids,
and Ketone Bodies
• muscle carbohydrate metabolism serves only
muscle
• major fuels: glucose (from glycogen), fatty
acids, and ketone bodies.
• Muscle cannot export glucose, however,
because it lacks glucose-6-phosphatase.
• it does not participate in gluconeogenesis
 Heart muscle
• Aerobic metabolism
• Metabolize: fatty acids, ketone bodies,
glucose, pyruvate, and lactate
– Fatty acids : resting heart’s fuel of choice
– Glucose: during heavy work
 Adipose Tissue
• store and release fatty acids : fuel to secrete
hormones involved in regulating metabolism.
• glycerol-3-phosphate < : fatty acids are
released into the bloodstream.
• fatty acid mobilization: depends in part on the
rate of glucose uptake.
 Liver
• Central Metabolic Clearinghouse
• major functions is to act as a blood glucose
“buffer.”
• Hexokinase, glukokinase,
• fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), is a competitive
inhibitor of glucokinase.
• Synthesize or Degrade Triacylglycerols
• The liver itself cannot use ketone bodies as fuel:
lack 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase
 Glucose-6-Phosphate
• G6P : converted to glucose, by the action of
glucose-6-phosphatase
• G6P : converted to glycogen
• G6P : converted to acetyl-CoA via glycolysis
• G6P : degraded via the pentose phosphate
pathway
 Kidney
• Filters Wastes and Maintains Blood
pH
• Ammonia derived from glutamine or
glutamat
• Ketoglutarate :converted to glucose,
starvation (50%)
Cori Cycle
Regulasi Metabolisme
Muscle: Fasting State
1st uses own glycogen stores
2nd absorbs fatty acids and ketone bodies

Glycogen Glucose Pyruvate

Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies Acetyl CoA

from Circulation
Allosteric