Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
OTDR BLOCK DIAGRAM
CRT OR
CONTROLLER LCD COUPLER
DISPLAY
DETECTOR
2
THE OTDR SENDS OUT A PULSE OF LIGHT AND
MEASURES THE LEVEL OF LIGHT THAT IS
REFLECTED BACK. AN OPTICAL COUPLER
ALLOWS BOTH OPTICAL SOURCE AND OPTICAL
RECEIVER TO BE CONNECTED TO THE SAME
FIBER.
3
HOW AN OTDR WORKS
The modern OTDR knows how fast light will travel through
the core of the fiber under test because of the index of
refraction (IOR) setting. The OTDR knows how far it needs
to measure because of the fiber length setting. With this
information, the OTDR will repeatedly sample the level
of reflected light.
4
OTDR
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. Principal of OTDR.
2. OTDR Specifications
3. Using an OTDR.
5
1. PRINCIPLES OF OTDR
A. Rayleigh Backscattering
B. Fresnel Reflections
7
A. Rayleigh Scattering
8
B. Fresnel Reflections
9
2. OTDR SPECIFICATIONS
A. Dynamic Range
B. Dead Zone
C. Resolution
D. Accuracy
E. Wavelength
10
A. Dynamic Range
The higher the signal of noise ratio and the batter the trace
will be with a better event detection.
11
B. Dead Zone
12
Dead Zone
13
DEAD ZONE
14
C. RESOLUTION
1. Sampling resolution
15
C. Resolution
2. Distance Resolution
16
D. Accuracy
17
E. Wavelength
19
A. Acquisition
20
Acquisition parameters
Injection Level.
Wavelength.
Pulse Width.
Range.
Averaging.
21
Injection Level
23
Pulse Width
Longer the pulse width, more light is injected into the fiber.
25
Range
26
Averaging
27
Modes of operation of OTDR
28
Modes of operation of OTDR
Averaging mode :
In the averaging mode each pulse are averaged from that
of preceding pulses which makes the trace appear clear
for each of the succeeding pulses.
Acceptance test:
30
Loss and span length
Than move the cursor to the end of the trace and place the
second marker before the refractive fiber end, the correct
point is where the slope starts increasing faster than the
normal slope of the trace.
32
Attenuation of splice or
connector
OTDR can be used to measure splice or connector loss,in
order to do this a marker is placed on either of the
abettation of the OTDR trace.
33
Attenuation of Fusion Splice
34
Automatic operation
36
37
What is splicing?
38
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUS
FOR JOINING OF FIBER.
39
Splicing/Jointing…….
2. Types of splicing.
40
Why Splicing is necessary?
Crowded
conduits.
Fire-code
restrictions.
Building or Campus
environments.
41
Types of Splicing.
Temporary splicing :
V-Grove Splicing
Connectorization
Permanent Splicing :
Mechanical Splicing.
Fusion Splicing.
42
Pros and Cons of Splicing
Easy in testing.
43
Types of Splicing
Fusion splicing :
44
Pros and Cons of Fusion
Splicing
Low Loss (<0.05db for SM fiber).
Very fast and fully automated process.
Expensive.
Less safer than mechanical splicing.
45
Five steps ahead for fusion
splicing
1. Fiber and preparation.
46
Fiber and preparation
47
Cleave the fiber
48
Alignment of two fibers
1. Manually.
2. Automated.
49
Fuse the fiber
Set the……….
1. Weather condition
2. Temperature and Humidity.
50
Some observations about fusion splicing….
51
Splice loss
52
Protect the fiber
53
HOW TO USE OPTICAL FIBER:
56
How fiber works
59
The design of fiber
60
Reflected light ray
Coating
n2 Cladding
n1 Core
Reflected
Incident light ray
light ray
Index of refraction = n
n1>n2 permits total internal reflection 61
The design of fiber
62
TYPES OF FIBER
63
SINGLE-MODE AND
MULTIMODE
Single mode fiber
Cladding glass
Light
signal
Core glass
Multi-mode fiber
Cladding glass
Light
signals
64
SINGLE-MODE AND
MULTIMODE
67
Optical fiber sizes
Single-mode Multi-mode
8-10microns 50 microns 62.5 microns
68
FUSION SPLICING
69
MECHANICAL SPLICING
70
71
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
72
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
73
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
74
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE
3. Splicing reports.
4. As-build drawings.
75
Attenuation
1. ABSORPTION :
Impurity
(Absorption) 76
Attenuation
2. SCATTERING :
Density change
(scattering)
77
Attenuation
3. MACROBENDING :
78
Attenuation
4. MICROBENDING :
79
Dispersion
1. MODAL
2. MATERIAL
3. WAVEGUIDE
80
Dispersion
1. MODAL :
81
Dispersion
2. MATERIAL :
82
Dispersion
3. WAVEGUIDE :
83