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globalization

Dr. Manny Dy
Introduction
Our purpose here is to provide a
moral accounting of globalization.
This is difficult because globalization
is a fact that is still in the making.
Some contend that globalization is
inevitable and it makes no sense to
approve or disapprove of it, much
less to go against it.
Others argue for the human liberty
that is the source of globalization
and advocate for its transformation.
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What is globalization?
 Globalization started first as a
material or economic phenomenon
that has become global.
 The economic order is none other
than capitalism or free trade.
 That free trade is now being
conducted globally is not new.
Asia, Europe and the Americas
have been trading with each other
for more than a century.
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 What is new is that the world economy
is heading towards a single, integrated
free market.
 This is true of goods and services,
finance and capital, and labor.
 This is made possible by the new
electronic technology of information and
telecommunication.

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Main Features of
globalization
 Democratization of Finance, Technology
and Information
 This congruent democratization has
influenced the cultural, political and
spiritual aspects of human existence:
Homogenization of cultures, trade
liberalization of states, and a universal
civilization (Paul Ricoeur).
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Characteristics of
Universal Civilization
 Scientific Spirit: unifying mankind in
abstract, rational level
 Technics: accumulation of tools &
their improvement
 Rational Politics: states evolving from
dictatorial to democratic form of gov’t
 Rational Economy: economic science
& technics converged due to their
cultivation by human sciences
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Universal Lifestyle:

 standardized housing, clothing,


transportation, news programming, comfort,
leisure, a world-wide culture of consumption.
(“McDonaldization,” “Cocalization”)

“We live now for the first time


in human history--in a new era
when our planet is enveloped
by a single civilization.”
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Positive Values
1. Universal Civilization

 Makes available basic necessities of


life,including literacy and
communication
 greater access to labor

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Positive Values
2. Liberty
 removal of barriers to free trade
 privatization of state-owned
assets>less bureaucracy, greater
efficiency
 greater mobility of production and
capital
 more freedom to choose how to
prosper, what to eat, wear, read, write,
learn, etc 9
Positive Values
3. Fairness and Transparency,
Honesty or Integrity
 Investments will only flow to a country
where the rules of competition are fair
and transparent, where graft and
corruption and cronyism are not
prevalent.
 1997 Asian Crisis due to failure of region
to be truly global.
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Positive Values
4. Democracy and Human Rights
 Free market economy has given rise to
flourishing of civil society & gradual
erosion of bureaucratic authoritarianism
in many Asian countries.
 Empowerment of consumers and
citizens
 liberal democracy in gov’t: rule of law.

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Positive Values
5. Civility due to cultural
homogenization
 Similarity in lifestyles brings civility
 Avoidance of ethno-nationalism,
ethnocentrism, ethnic rivalry, bigotry,
racism, and the violence that results
from them.
 Civility, necessary condition for spiritual
civilization and with democracy for
world peace. 12
Positive Values
6. Peace and Solidarity
 People Power I beamed live all over the
world inspired other peaceful transitions
of power.
 When famine or natural disaster strikes,
globalization brings it to attention of
peoples all over the world.
 Greater awareness and understanding
of other cultures
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Negative Values

1. Poverty
 Mostly in developing countries who
cannot catch up with the herd.
 22% of world’s population (1.3 billion)
live on less than $1 a day.
 Top 300 of 40,000 TNCs account for
25%of world’s assets.
 Sweat shops, child labor, exploitation of
women, labor migration from rural to
cities. 14
Negative Values
2. Neglect of Human Rights & Concomitant Loss of
Freedom and Democracy, of Social Justice
 New technologies are not free; many
countries have few libraries, computers,
phones.
 Domination of TNCs>loss of national
sovereignty, loss of freedom of
individuals and small firms.
 Movement of short-term capital affects
living conditions of peoples. 15
Negative Values

3. Market Society
 A market society is one where economic
transactions and efficiency invade all
domains of public life & social relations.
 Due to mass media & advertising.
 Culture of materialism & consumerism,
cult of money.
 Gives rise to growth of criminal
activities.
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Negative Values
4. Destruction of Our Natural
Environment
 Over-exploitation of the earth’s common
resources
 wasteful consumerism has brought
problems of garbage disposal and
pollution.
 Loss of biodiversity, endangering many
plant and animal species.

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Negative Values
5. Dismantling of Social Diversity
and Pluralism of Cultures.
 Subtle destruction of tradition
 domination of a centralized culture
 standardization of lifestyle undermines
culture’s self-reliance and identity.
 Destruction of “creative nucleus of great
civilizations and great cultures” >loss of
criticalness & spirituality (Ricoeur)
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Moral rectification of
globalization:
The Business/Economy
 Responsible Capitalism: promotes well-
being of society as a whole.
 Corporations must not be just after
profits but also long-term interests of
consumers, workers, stakeholders, the
community, and the environment.

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The Business/Economy

 Economics of Community: localism is


emphasized.
 Economic power
decentralized,distributed and rooted in
the place and community.
 Spiritual & human values more
important than short-term profits.
 Management practices follow principle
of subsidiarity. 20
The Business/Economy

 Business Ethics imperative in both


responsible capitalism and economics of
community
 business transactions governed by
ethical principles
 establish business that generate
employment, produce essential goods,
promote democratization and economic
justice. 21
Culture and Society

 Fundamentalism, reaction to
homogenization of cultures.
 Cultural identity and diversity need to
be preserved. e.g. customs, languages,
historical edifice.
 Cultural transmission in the family and
school of human values embodied in
one’s culture, literature and arts.
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Culture and Society

 Tolerance in the encounter with another


culture.
 Tolerance begins at home and extends
to the community and the world at
large.
 Tolerance, not passive, but active
celebration of difference, giving the
other right to participate in human
development. e.g. translation 23
Culture and Society

 How does a culture persist? By


 Critique of Tradition (Habermas)
because tradition can be source of
domination and dogmatism.
 Creative cultural nucleus (Ricoeur): a
cultural tradition stays alive only if it
constantly creates itself anew,
assimilating scientific rationality.
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Civil Society

 Civil society plays active role in


promotion of democracy, protection of
human rights, and service to common
good.
 Ensures particular response to particular
needs and situations.
 Act as critique and pressure of gov’t
and corporations to focus on people’s
welfare and basic needs. 25
Civil Society

 Through public space and networking,


civil society act as watchdog
 must embrace values and norms
expressing social concerns, propose
solutions
 must maintain autonomy and identity
with critical cooperation with gov’t &
business corporations.
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Civil Society

 Civil society needs to take posture of


place advocacy.
 Glocalism: grounded in locality but open
to outside world
 recognition of diversity of places
requiring local solutions rather than
imposition of abstract blueprint.
 E.g. indigenous ecological, social
movements. 27
Government and International
Agencies

 Task of both is alleviate poverty, reduce


gap between rich and poor countries.
 Directly by increasing overseas
development aid.
 Indirectly, by transfer of technology
 Tobin Tax on international currency
transactions to discourage short-term
capital flight.
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Government and International
Agencies

 Cut arms spending and recycle foreign


exchange reserves within a region so
poor countries can benefit from lower
interest rates.
 Promotion of global democracy: balance
of regulation and free initiative,and the
need to protect the richness of the
world.
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Government and International
Agencies

 Promote variety of institutions and


cultures>multiple modernities.
 Strengthen institutions:
 economy: IMF, World Bank, Bank of
InternationalSettlements,
InternationalStandardOrganization
 environment: UN Conference on
Environment and Development;
 law: International Trial Court
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Government and International
Agencies

 State must create conditions and


framework for as many people to
contribute meaningfully to economic
activity and equitable distribution of
income and wealth.
 Entails transparency & accountability,
ensuring respect for law, rights of
minorities, nurturing traditions &
multiple forms of life. 31
The Individual Person

 Every person is a person acting with


others, a global person
 1st challenge: “live simply so others can
simply live”
 2nd: draw no profit from clearly unjust
sources.
 3rd: be an agent of change (Fr. Pedro
Arrupe, S.J.)
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The Individual Person

 A healthy balance of cultural rootedness


and cosmopolitan outlook.
 Cultural rootedness: life-centered,
restoring social, spiritual and economic
connections to nature,place and
community
 Cosmopolitan outlook: internalizing
universal values.
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Conclusion
 True solidarity: unity of independent,
spiritual and individual persons in an
independent, spiritual, and individual
collective (global) person.
 Every person is responsible for oneself
and for the other, and ultimately for
God.

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Solidarity

 What makes solidarity possible is the


mutual reciprocity and reciprocal
valueness of all moral and social acts,
especially love.
 Love builds solidarity, increases my
capacity to love all others
 Love presupposes justice
 In solidarity, globalization assumes a
human face. 35
The end of the beginning…...

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