ENCH600011

FLUID AND PARTICLE

MECHANICS
Departemen Teknik Kimia FT-UI
Pengajar : Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng/Ir. Diyan S M.Eng
Recall...
MECHANICS
Studies of forces and motions

There are 3 important quantities that have to be addressed.

The first is force . The unit used to measure is [N]

The second is energy. The Unit used to measure is Joule
The third is mass
 BASIC MECHANICS

• NEWTON LAW
• MASS CONSERVATION LAW
• ENERGY CONSERVATION(Termodynamics 1)
 NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

Every body continues in its state of rest,

or of uniform motion in a straight line,
unless it is compelled to change that state
by forces impressed upon it.

F  0
 THE SECOND LAW IN ACTION

The acceleration produced by a particular force acting

on a body is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

F F  m.a
a
m mearth
Fg  G. 2 .m
r
Fg  g.m
 Force= Weight
The handling of weight depends on the systems of units that is used.
The most common systems of units are the
International System - SI

F=ma (1) W=mg (2)

where where
F = force (N) W = weight (N)
m = mass (kg) m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s2) g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

1 N is produced by 1kg mass at

1 N =1kg.1 m/s2)
acceleration of a=1m/s2

1 kg mass (on the earth) It gives weight w = (1 kg) (9.807 m/s2)

= 9.807 (N)
 English Engineering System - EE

the basic unit of mass is lbm and the force is lbf

1 lbf is given by a mass of 1 lbm
under standard acceleration of 32.17405 ft/s2.

F = m a / gc (3) mg
where W
gc = a proportionality constant gc

1 lbf = (1 lbm)(32.174 ft/s2) / gc

 gc in SI System is different with that of
gc in British System

Eng System

1 lbm ( on earth g=32.17405 ft/s2.) will gives 1lbf

mg lbm ft lb ft
gc   32 2  32.17 m 2
W lb f s lb f s

SI System

1kg mass ( on earth g=9, 806 m/s2 ) will gives 9,806 N

m2
kg m 9.806
mg s = 1
gc  
W 9.806 N
 British Gravitational System - BG

3 base units in the Imperial system are ft, s, lbf

The unit of mass, the slug, is derived from the pound-force by defining it as
the mass that will accelerate at 1 foot per second per second when a 1
pound-force acts upon it:

1 lbf = (1 slug)(1 ft/s2)

1 slug = 32.17405 lbm

With a standard gravity

- g = 32.17405 ft/s2 –

On the earth
the mass of 1 slug weights 32.17405 lbf
Secondary Units

 Force
N = kg-m/s2 (Newton)
lbf = slug-ft/s2 (pound force)
= 32.2 lbm-ft/s2
 Work (Force through a distance)
J = N-m (Joule)
ft-lbf (foot pound)
 Energy (Work per time)
W = J/s (Watt)
ft-lbf/s (foot pound per sec)
hp 550 ft-lb/s (horsepower)
in responding to the force exerted to them

What is the differences

between solids and fluids ?
 Solid
When subjected to force it move a short distance, setting up internal
shear stress which resist external force, then it stop moving

fluid
When subjected to force it start to move and keep up moving
as long as the force is applied, no matter how small.
It can not permanently hold the force
Fluid deformation
 “a fluid, such as water or air, deforms
continuously when acted on by shearing
stresses of any magnitude.”
- Munson, Young, Okiishi

Fluid
 The weight exert a force.
The rope, rod, glue holding up the weight

10 kg

rope 10 kg
glue
fluid
solid
rod
10 kg
The force tend to pull the
The force tend to pull the weight down the wall, thus to
The force tend to crush
rope apart shear the glue,
the rod
To make one surface slide
The rope’s stress is called parallel to adjacent
The rod’s stress is called
TENSILE STRESS surface
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
The glue ’s stress is called
SHEAR STRESS
Substance intermediate between liquid and solid

Peanut butter that is attached to the

Peanut wall, will probably stay. It resists small
butter shear stress

If we increase the shear stress on the peanut

butter by spreading it with knife , it will flow
just like liquid

Consequently,
even steel , at very high shear stress can be made to
flow like a fluid (plastic deformation)
 under shear stress (exerting force)

solid exhibits a finite deformation which

does not change with time.

the fluid continuously and permanently deformed

It is also said that liquid cannot return to their
original state after the deformation.
mechanics branches.
Fluid mechanics is a branch of
continuous mechanics which deals
with a relationship between forces,
motions, and statical conditions

the boundary between the solid

mechanics and fluid mechanics is
some kind of gray shed and not a
sharp distinction

This fluid mechanic deals with many and

diversified problems such as
surface tension,
fluid statics,
flow in enclose bodies, or
flow round bodies (solid or otherwise),
flow stability, etc
Fluid Mechanics
 The study of liquids and gasses at rest
(statics) and in motion (dynamics), and the
forces on them

Involves various properties of the fluid, such as velocity,

pressure, density, viscosity, surface tention and temperature, as
functions of space and time.

Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas

 SUBDIVISION FLUID MECHANICS
 HYDRAULICS : the flow of water in rivers, pipes, canals, pump, turbines
 HYDROLOGY : the flow of water in the ground
 RESERVOIR MECHANICS : the flow of oil, gas and water in petroleum
reservoir

 AERODYNAMICS : the flow of air around aeroplanes, rocket projectils

 METEOROLOGY : the flow of the atmosfeer

 PARTICLE DYNAMICS : the flow of fluid around particles (dust settling, slurry,
pneumatic transfort, fluidized be, air pollutant particles)
 MULTIPLEPHASE FLOW oil well, carburetirs, fuel injector, combustion
chamber, sprays.

 VISCOUS DOMINATED FLOW; lubrication, injection molding, wire coating,

volcanoes, continental drift
 Fluid mechanics deals with
three aspects of the fluid

The study of fluid in 1. Fluid statics:

state of rest .

The study of fluid in 2) Fluid dynamics:

state of motion . Involving force analysis (pressures),

3) Fluid kinematics:
It concerned with the relationship between the motion of fluid and
its, causes (forces and torques), without involving force analysis.
It referred to as the geometry of motion
 What is the necessity of studying fluids
as an aspect of engineering?
It allows us to explore the POTENTIAL OF FLUIDS for a number of
new APPLICATIONS and various functions.

1) Number of fluids, that when burnt, produce lots of heat, which can be
used for various applications. Examples of these fluids includes petrol and
diesel for vehicles.

2) Some fluids have excellent flow properties which can be used for the
lubrication of various machines, or may have appropriate latent heat which
can be used as refrigerant

3) Some fluids have a tendency to exert very high pressure or force. These
fluids can be used for lifting various heavy loads. The fluids used in hydraulic
machines are an example.

4) Fluids like water potential energy, which is used for generation of

electricity as in hydroelectric power plants.
1) Automobiles
Fluids perform three crucial operations in automobiles: generation of power,
lubrication, and cooling of the engine.
Petrol, referred to as fuel generates power on combustion in the engine.
Oil is used for the lubrication of the engine/gearbox/various other moving parts.
Water is used for cooling the engine.

2) Refrigerators and Air Conditioners

the fluids are known as refrigerants.
The refrigerant absorbs the heat from whatever is being kept in the chiller or
evaporator (at a low T) and delivers that heat to the atmosphere(s at a high T).
In air conditioners, the refrigerant absorbs room heat and throws it in to the
atmosphere, thereby keeping the room cool.
 Common Applications of Fluids

3) Hydraulic machines
The fluid has the capacity to lift heavy loads and exert extremely high
pressures. Some hydraulic machines are used to perform various machining
operations.
In most of these machines, oil is used as the fluid. The oil is passed through
the hydraulic motor which transfers large amounts of energy to the fluid.
This high energy fluid enters the piston and cylinder arrangement where it
can be used to lift heavy loads or apply large forces.

4) Hydroelectric Power Plants

Water is used to generate electricity on a large-scale basis. Water stored in
the dam possesses potential energy, which is converted into the electrical
energy in the power generation unit of the plant. Hydroelectric power plants
are one of the major suppliers of power throughout the world. In some
countries power requirements are fulfilled entirely by these plants.
5) Thermal Power Plants
water is used as the working fluid. After getting heated in a boiler, water is
converted into superheated steam which is passes through the blades of
turbines, thus rotating them. The shaft of the turbine rotates in the
generator, where electricity is produced.

6) Nuclear power plants

Water is again a crucial power plant component.
Heat produced within the nuclear reactor is used to directly heat water,
which is converted into steam. This steam is passed through the turbines
similar to thermal power plants, rotating turbine blades to generate power.
This is an application of water as the working fluid.
7) Fluids as a Renewable Energy Source
Air or wind is one of the most popular sources of renewable energy.
Wind is used for generation of electricity on a small/large scale basis.
Water is used in tidal power plants to generate electricity.
Ocean waves are used to rotate turbine blades within the power plant.
Biodiesel, a type of the vegetable oil, is used as a fuel for vehicles.

8) Operating Various Instruments

Compressed air is used for the operation of various types of automatic valves.
These valves can be activated and deactivated by applying the pressure of
compressed air.
The pneumatic tools which work on compressed air are used for various
applications like grinding, screwing and unscrewing various machinery parts,
etc.
Industrial application …
FLUID TRANSPORT through
PIPING SYSTEMS
PIPING SYSTEMS OF INDUSTRY
FLUID TRANSPORT through PIPING SYSTEMS

provides the energy

needed to overcome the
resistance to flow

1) Pump,
2) Process equipment and
3) Control equipment
 SYMPLIFIED FLUID FLOW SYSTEM

Storage
Pipe

Valves

Flowmeter

Pump Process Equipment

FLUID FLOW SYSTEM
 FLUID FLOW SYSTEM

Centrifugal Pump
Process
Equipment
 FLUID FLOW SYSTEM

Process Equipment

Centrifugal Compressor
05
 DENSITY
is defined as the ratio of the mass of fluid to its volume.
It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg
= m
kgm-3 V m3

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is incompressible.

If the density varies significantly (eg some gas flows), the flow is compressible.
Density measurement

Piknometer

Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

Water = 1000 kg/m3
= 62.3 lbm/ft3

Mercury = 13,500 kg/m3

Air = 1.22 kg/m3
Effect of Temperature on Density

 Densities of gasses increase with pressure

 Densities of liquids are nearly constant (incompressible) for constant
temperature
 Specific volume = 1/density

1000
Density (kg/m3)

990
980
970
960
950
0 50 100
Temperature (C)
Specific Weight
g  g [ N / m3 ] or [lbf / ft 3 ]
 Weight per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1
atm)

gwater = (998 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)

= 9790 N/m3
[= 62.4 lbf/ft3]
gair = (1.205 kg/m3)(9.807 m2/s)
= 11.8 N/m3
[= 0.0752 lbf/ft3]
 Specific Gravity
 Ratio of fluid density to density water at
specified T dan P (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)
liquid liquid
SGliquid  
 water 9790 kg / m3
 gas  gas
SGgas  
 air 1.205 kg / m3

 Water SGwater = 1
 Mercury SGHg = 13.6
 Air SGair = 1
 API gravity
API gravity is an alternative method of comparing the densities of
different petroleum substances. The API system of gravity
measurement has units called 'Degrees API' (ºAPI). The device used
for the measurement of API and specific gravity is the 'HYDROMETER'.
 'Degrees API' (ºAPI).

°API = (141.5 ÷ SG) - 131.5

API gravity is calculated from the Specific Gravity above

Example 2:
An oil has an API gravity of 42.0°. Calculate its S.G.
S.G. = 141.5 ÷ (131.5 + 42) = 141.5 ÷ 173.5 = 0.816 SG

Pure water (S.G. = 1.000) has an API gravity of 10°. As fluid

density decreases, the API gravity increases.
 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS

NEWTON LAW
MASS CONSERVATION LAW
ENERGY CONSERVATION
(Termodynamics 1)
What We Are going to Learn?
 LESSON PLAN OUTLINE
BEFORE MIDTEST

I.STATIC FLUID APPLICATION

Vessel Thickness Design, Measurement of Pressure, Separation of Fluids by Gravity, Buoyant Force on Ship,
Mechanical Advantage of Hydraulic Jack

II.FRICTION LOSSES ON PIPE SYSTEM (FOR LIQUID)

Basic Fluid Flow : Continuity Eq.(Mass Balance), Bernoulli Eq, (Energy balance),
Viscosity,Poiseulle, Fanning equation, Fanning Diagram, Friction Factor, Friction Loss Calculation
, standard pipe, friction of fitting ,equvalent length, expantion-reduction pipe, non circular pipe.

III. PUMP AND PUMPING SYSTEM

Type of pump, Centrifugal Pump, Performance curve, Terminologi pompa : Head, BHP, FHP,eff dll,
pumping system (series and paralel).

IV. FLOW MEASUREMENT

Flow Measurement using Tube Pitot Tube, Orificemeter, Venturimeter, Rotameter (areameter)

V. FORCES DUE TO FLOW THROUGH PIPE’S BENDS

Basic Momentum Balance, Forces on Flanges, Forces on Pipe’s Bends
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 LESSON PLAN OUTLINE
AFTER MIDTEST

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. TEMPERATURE AND PRESURE CHANGES OF FLOWING GAS
Basic : sound speed, frictionless flow, nozzle choking, Pressure and temperatur change isenthalpi process

II. MULTSTAGE COMPRESSOR

Power requirement of friction losses in gas flow calculation

III. FRICTION LOSSES ON SURFACE

Drag losses calculation on structure, free settling & hindered settling (settling time on sedimentation)

IV. FRICTION LOSSES THROUGH POROUS MEDIA (FIXBED)

Basic fluid-solid interaction, Blake-Kozeny, Ergun Darcy, Friction losses calculation fixbed (Filtration)

V. SUPERFICIAL VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP FLUIDIZED BED

superficial velocity and pressure drop calculation, Superficial velocity in entrained bed (pneumatic
transportaion of particles)
 Week
0 INTRODUCTION Group assigment 1 Assigment
1 STATIC FLUID APPLICATION (Topic 1) 1 Lecturing, HW
2 FRICTION LOSSES ON PIPE SYSTEM FOR 2 Lecturing, HW
LIQUID (Topic2)
3 PUMP AND PUMPING SYSTEM (Topic3) 2 Lecturing, HW
4 FLOW MEASUREMENT (Topic4) 3 Lecturing, HW
5 FORCES DUE TO FLOW THROUGH PIPE’S 3 Lecturing, HW
BENDS (Topic5)
6 Presentation Topic 1 (group 1 &2) 4 Discussion, quiz
Presentation Topic 2 (group 3& 4) 4 Discussion, quiz
Presentation Topic 3 (group 5 &6) 5 Discussion, quiz
Presentation Topic 4 (group 7 &8) 6 Discussion, quiz
Presentation Topic 5 (group 9 &10) 6 Discussion, quiz
MIDTEST 7
 Group assigment

TOPIC Preparation Presentation k Group Student Attendance #

I 2 4 5 5, 15, 25, 35
STATIC FLUID APPL
10 10, 20, 30, 40
II 2 4 1 1, 11, 21, 31
FRICTION LOSSES ON 6 6, 16, 26, 36
PIPE SYSTEM
11 41,42,43,44
III 3 5 2 2, 12, 22, 32
PUMP AND PUMPING 7 7, 17, 27, 37
SYSTEM
12 45,46,47,48
IV 4 6 3 3, 13, 23, 33
FLOW MEASUREMENT 8 8, 18, 28, 38
13 49,50,51,52,
V 4 6 4 4, 14, 24, 34
FORCES DUE TO FLOW 9 9, 19, 29, 39
THROUGH PIPE’S
BENDS 14 53,54,55,56,57
 Books
 Noel de Nevers Fluid Mechanics for Chemical
Engineer, Second Ed.

 Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering, Vol 1,

5e (1996) Butterworth-Heinemann
 Periode 20016-17
 Lectures :
Wednesday , 13:00-15:30 A-102

 BEFORE Mid Test Pak Sukirno

 After Mid Test Pak Diyan S

 Tutorials :
 Assessment

 Pak Kirno 50%

 25% : MidTest
 10% : Quiz +HW
 15% : Assignment