Sie sind auf Seite 1von 41

Component Functionality and Hydraulic

System Design Ch1-3A


Hydraulic Pumps and Reservoirs
The objectives of this chapter on component
functionality and hydraulic system design are
to
1. Explain the use of basic components in a
hydraulic system
2. Design Hydraulic systems for common
mobile and industrial uses
3. Select and justify the use of typical hydraulic
components
This presentation is the first of two parts. It
pertains to pumps and reservoirs
Hydraulic Components in any hydraulic system
1. Pumps
2. Actuators (linear and rotary)
3. Directional Control valves
4. Pressure Control valves
5. Flow Control valves
The prime mover in a hydraulic systems is any
energy source that drive the hydraulic pump.
Such a source can be an

1. Electrical motor

2. or Gas/ Diesel engine.


Overview
The hydraulic Pump converts mechanical
energy of the prime mover into hydraulic
energy. They are referred to as positive
displacement pumps.
Principle of operation: Figure 1
On suction part of stroke the pumping chamber
expands. On the discharge part of the stroke the
pumping chamber contracts. Pressure differential
induces hydraulic fluid to flow and thus the pump
creates FLOW

Discharge/ OutPut

PUMPING
CHAMBER

Suction/ InPut
Positive displacement pumps have constant
flow that independent of Pressure in system.
ANSWER:
1.The CAPACITY/
STROKE
(Displacement /
rev)
2.PUMP RPM
P( psi )  Q( gpm)
Power(hp) 
1714
P(kPa)  Q( LPM )
Power(kW ) 
6 10 4

1hp  0.746kW
1. Displacement per revolution: Total
volume of fluid displaced in the pumping
chamber as the drive shaft completes one
revolution
2. Pump Volumetric Efficiency (v): Internal
leakage within the pump results in the
actual volumetric output being less than
the theoretical output.

Actual output 100


v 
Theoretica l output
If VD  pump volumetri c displ. (m 3 / rev )
Then Q T (Theoreticalflow rate of the pump)in LPM
 VD (m 3 / rev )  N(rpm) 1000
If the Pump volumetri c efficiency is  v
Then the Actual Pump flow rate Q A in LPM
 v  QT
The theoretical torque (TT)of a pump is the
input torque that a frictionless pump
would require from a prime mover.

VD (m3 )  P(kPa)
TT (kN  m) 
2
Mechanical Efficiency (m)
Frictional forces result in the actual torque
required to drive a pump to be greater than
the theoretical torque required to produce
the pressure and flow.

Theoretica l torque  100


m 
Actual torque
Pump mechanical efficiency  m
P ( Pa)  QT (m / s )
3

TA ( N  m)   (rad / s )
or
TT
m 
TA
Overall Efficiency
(o): This is the
ratio of the
hydraulic Power P (out) 100
(Pout) developed o 
based on the P(in)
pressure and flow
against the actual
  v  m
power required (Pin
)to drive the pump
Fixed displacement pumps have a fixed
volumetric output (Q) at a certain rotating
speed (). Hence changing  changes Q.

Variable displacement pumps have the ability


to have different Q at same . This is usually
done by changing the size of the pumping
chambers.
Hydraulic Pumps can be classified as
Gear
Vane
Piston
Gear type hydraulic pumps are fixed
displacement pumps. They are either external
type design or internal type design. They are
known as unbalanced pumps because there
are unbalanced forces acting on them from
the suction and discharge pressure
differences. The strength of the housing,
bearings and shaft are the limiting factors for
the maximum pressure capability of these
pumps.
A slotted rotor containing sliding vanes rotates
inside a cam ring. The pumping chamber
increases in size as they progress from the
suction to the midpoint between the suction
and the discharge. The expanding volume
lowers the pressure and causes the fluid to
enter the chambers. From the mid point, the
pumping chambers begin to decrease in size
and fluid is forced into the discharge.
Vane Pump
Unbalanced design but variable volume
capability.
Cam ring is circular in shape whereas in the
Fixed Displacement vane pump it is elliptical.
One intake and one discharge port.
Cam ring is pushed over to maximum volume
position by the compensator spring
The pump internal pressure pushes the cam
ring towards the thrust bearing and
compensator spring. Increase in pressure can
force the cam ring to overcome the spring
and allow the cam ring to become almost
centered. A demand for more fluid will cause
the pump internal pressure to drop and the
spring pressure will then force the cam ring
backwards thus increasing flow.
A pressure compensated pump will reduce its
flow rate or stop flow when the system
pressure reaches a predetermined value.
These have highest pressure capability of all
pumps.

Consist of a number of cylinders and piston


assemblies contained in a single housing. As
the piston reciprocates the flow of fluid is
controlled by either check valves or port
plates.
Pump Type Volumetric Definitions
Displacement (VD)

Gear Pumps Do: Outside Diameter of gear



VD 
4
D 2
o 
 Di2 L
teeth
Di: Inside diameter of gear
teeth
L: Width of Gear teeth

Vane Pumps  Dc: Diameter of cram ring


VD  Dc  DR emax L Dr: Diameter of rotor
2 L: width of rotor
emax 
Dc  D R  e max: Max. eccentricity
2
Piston Pumps Y: # of pistons
A piston Area
VD  YAS S: piston stroke
D: piston circle diameter
S  D  tan  : offset angle
Given that a piston pump has 8 pistons each
with a stroke of length 3.5 cm, and an area of
0.00125m2, pump speed of 1200 rpm.
Determine the actual flow rate if the
volumetric efficiency is 80%. If the pump
operates in a system where the pressure is at
4MPa what is the hydraulic power created.
Reservoirs function as
1. Storage units for the hydraulic oil
2. Heat exchanger units to cool the fluid
3. Fluid conditioners or de-aerators. They allow
entrained air to rise and escape while solid
containments settle to the bottom of the
tank.
The components of reservoirs are
1. Oil gauges; Used to check oil level
2. Breather assembly: vented breather cap for
air exchange
3. Filler Assembly: Part of breather cap,
removable screen that keeps contaminants
out while fluid is being added.
4. Baffle plates; Prevents returning fluid from
directly entering pump inlet

Re servoir Size (litre )  PUMP(LPM)  3


Accumulators primary function is to store
pressurized hydraulic fluid that would be used
in the hydraulic system when the system
demands more flow and the pump is incapable
of delivering the required amount. They also
dampen pulsations and reduce shock loads in
the system.
There are of three types
1. Weight loaded
2. Spring loaded
3. Gas loaded
Type of Accumulator Advantages Disadvantages
1. Weight Loaded Maintains constant Tends to be large and
pressure as it bulky. Must be
discharges fluid in mounted vertically
system
2. Spring loaded Can be mounted in Does not maintain
any position constant pressure as
spring force changes
relative to spring’s
compression
3. Gas Loaded Widely used Does not maintain
Piston type constant pressure
Bladder type
Diaphragm
Q1. How much hydraulic power would a pump
produce when operating at 140 bars and
delivering 0.001 m3/s of oil. What power rated
electric motor would be selected to drive this
pump if its overall efficiency is 85%.
Q2. Determine the overall efficiency of a pump
driven by a 10hp prime mover. If the pump
delivers fluid at 40LPM at a pressure of 10MPa.
Q 3. A pump has a displacement volume of 98.4 cm3.
It delivers 0.00152 m3/s of oil at 1000 rpm and 70
bars. If the prime mover input torque is 124.3
N·m. What is the overall efficiency of the pump
and what is the theoretical torque required to
operate the pump.
If the pump is driven by an electric motor having an
overall efficiency of 90%. The hydraulic system
operates 12 hrs per day for 300 days annually. The
cost of electricity perkW.hr is $0.11. Determine
1. The yearly cost of electricity to operate the
hydraulic system
2. The amount that inefficiencies cost and what does
this mean?

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen