MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE

OUTPUT SYSTEMS (MIMO)

By MOHAMMED BERHEA
 1. Introduction
MIMO Systems:
 use multiple inputs and multiple outputs from a
single channel
 are defined by Spatial Diversity and Spatial
Multiplexing
 Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing

• Spatial Diversity
– Signal copies are transferred from multiple antennas
or received at more than one antenna
– redundancy is provided by employing an array of
antennas, with a minimum separation of λ/2 between
neighbouring antennas

• Spatial Multiplexing
– the system is able to carry more than one data stream
over one frequency, simultaneously
 Why MIMO?
• There is always a need for increase in performance in
wireless systems
– Significant increase in spectral efficiency and data
rates
– High Quality of Service (QoS)
– Wide coverage, etc.
• Wireless channel that we are using is very unfriendly
– Suffers from Co–channel interference and signal level
fading
– It provides a limited bandwidth
– power falls off with distance
 MIMO System solutions

• By using Multiple Output Multiple Input (MIMO) systems

– Diversity gain mitigates the fading and increases
coverage and improves QoS
– Multiplexing gain increases capacity and spectral
efficiency with no additional power or bandwidth
expenditure
– Array gain results in an increase in average receive
SNR.
• Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing can be
conflicting goals
 Spatial Multiplexing
• MIMO channels can be decomposed into a number of R parallel
independent channels → Multiplexing Gain
– Principle: Transmit independent data signals from different antennas to
increase the throughput, capacity.

Source: An Overview of MIMO Systems in Wireless Communications

www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/beats/Documents/mimo.pdf
 MEMO capacity on fading channels

• The capacity increase can be seen by comparing MEMO

systems with SISO, SIMO, and MISO systems
– SISO:capacity is given by Shannon’s classical formula:
2
C  B log (1  snr  h )
2

Where B is the BW and h is the fading gain

– SIMO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]
m 2
C  B log (1  snr   h )
2 n
n 1
– MISO (with M transmitting antennas), the capacity is given by [2]

 snr  N 2
C  B log (1      h )
2  N  n 1 n
 MEMO capacity on fading channels

• The capacity for MIMO systems can have the following forms
(Assuming Tx antennas = Rx antennas = N):
A) If the channel is not known at the transmitter:

 Es  2
C  N log (1    h )
2  N 2  n
 
– Where Es is the total power, σ2 is noise level of AWGN
– Hence the power is equally shared by each channel
– The capacity grows linearly with the number of antennas
B) If the channel is known at the transmitter

N  En  2 
C   log (1     h )
n1  2  2  n 
  
 MEMO capacity on fading channels

• With the channel known at the transmitter, the total power allocation
the each channel will be based on watterfilling.
– Watterfilling: Strong Sub-channel, with low noise power level will be
assigned with a higher signal power.

Illustrating Watterfilling

Where σN2 = σ2 / │hn2│

Source: MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,

www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTransmit.pdf
Average capacity of a MIMO Rayleigh fading
channel []
60

55

50

45

40
Average Capacity [bits/sec/Hz]

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
SNR [dB]

N=1 M=1 N=2 M=1 N=1 M=2 N=2 M=2 N=2 M=4 N=2 M=6 N=4 M=4 N=8 M=8

Source: Space-time Diversity Codes for Fading Channels, [3]

 Spatial Diversity
• Improves the signal quality and achieves a higher SNR at the
receiver-side
• Principle of diversity relies on the transmission of structured
redundancy

xi yi
 MIMO Diversity and Reliability

• The performance improvement in SNR and error probability for

MIMO can be compared with SISO, SIMO, and MISO
• The detailed calculation for SNR and Pe is shown in [1]
– SISO: y  hx  n
2 1
E hx Pe 
SNR(h)   SNR h
2
and SNR
En
2 1
2
– Receive Diversity (SIMO): yi  hi x  ni , i  1,2, N
1
N
Pe 
SNR(h)  SNR h
2
 SNR 
N
and
i 1  
 2 
 MIMO Diversity and Reliability

• The values for SNR and Pe for: M

– Transmit Diversity (MISO): y   hjx j  n
j 1

M 1
Pe 
SNR(h)  SNR hj
2 and M
 SNR 
j 1 1  
 2 
– Transmit/Receive Diversity (MIMO): M
• The received signal at antenna i will be: yi   hijxj  ni
• H is the channel fading matrix j 1

2 1
SNR H 2 Pe 
 SNR( H )  SNR H and  SNR 
MN
min{ N , M } 1  
 2 min{ N , M } 
 Conclusion

• The capacity of Receive or Transmit Diversity grows logarithmically

with the number of antennas
• Capacity of MEMO increases linearly with the number of antennas
• Using Spatial Diversity:
– The SNR increases and Pe decreases when using MIMO
• Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Diversity are conflicting objectives
 References

[1] MIMO Architecture for Wireless Communication: Intel Technology Journal,

vol. 10, Issue 02, May 2006
[2] MIMO Systems and Transmit Diversity,
www.comm.utoronto.ca/~rsadve/Notes/DiversityTransmit.pdf
[3] R.A. Carrasco, Space-time Diversity Codes for fading Channel,
Staffordshire University
[4] D. Gesbert, M.Shafi, D. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, “From Theory to
Practice: An Overview of MIMO Space–Time Coded Wireless Systems”
IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 21,
NO. 3, APRIL 2003
[5] Introduction to MIMO Systems: Application Note 1MA102, Rohde & schwarz