Broadband Access

(Wired & Wireless)

 TRAI defines broadband as
 An ‘always-on’ data connection that is able to
support interactive services including Internet
access and has the capability of the minimum
download speed of 256 kilo bits per second
(kbps) to an individual subscriber.

 The interactive services will exclude any

services for which a separate license is
specifically required.
 Broadband access technology is broadly classified into two
categories Wired Line & Wireless and further classified as

 Wireline ->
 DSL (Digital Sub’s Line)
 Cable Modem
 PLC (Power Line Communication)
 Optical Fibre Technologies

 Wireless ->
 3G Mobile
 Wi-Fi
 WiMAX
 FSO
 LMDS & MMDS
 Satellite
 DSL uses the existing twisted-pair telephone lines
as the access media. The various xDSL
technologies are

o ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

o VDSL (Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line)
o RADSL (Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line)
o HDSL (High Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line)
o SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form
of DSL, a data communications technology that
enables faster data transmission over copper
telephone lines than a conventional modem can
provide.
 ADSL has the distinguishing characteristic that the
data can flow faster in one direction than the other.
 ADSL works by splitting the available
bandwidth on the twisted copper wire into
three different channels.
◦ A high speed downstream channel ranges from 1.5
to 8 Mbps.
◦ A medium speed upstream channel ranges from 16
kbps to 1 Mbps.
◦ POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) channel.

 ADSL uses two separate frequency bands.

o 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz for upstream.
o 138 kHz - 1104 kHz for downstream.
POTS channel is splits off from the digital modem by filter.
The digital data transfer bandwidth from 26kHz to 1.1mhz data are
separated.
 Voice telephony signals are below 4 KHz in
frequency although a typical copper pair
line can transmit usable signals up to
1MHz.

 ADSL uses the rest of the full copper pair

line frequency spectrum, from above the
voice frequencies up to 1.1MHz.
 FDM assigns one band for upstream data and
one band for downstream data.
 Time division multiplexing divides the
downstream path into one or more high
speed channels and one or more low speed
channels.
 Two types of modulation techniques are used
in xDSL Technologies
◦ CAP - Carrierless Amplitude and Phase
◦ DMT - Discrete Multi-Tone modulation
 Carrierless Amplitude and Phase
◦ Closely related to QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation).

◦ QAM generates a DSSC (Double Sideband Suppressed

Carrier) signal constructed from two multi-level PAM
signals applied in phase quadrature to one another.

◦ CAP modulation produces the same form of signal as

QAM without requiring in-phase and quadrature
components of the carrier to first be generated.
 an In-Phase
Filter

Output
Binary
Passband To line
Input Constellation + D/A
Encoder Line Filter

Quadrature
bn Filter
 In-Phase
Adaptive filter
~
an Data
Line
Decision Out
Input Decoder
A/D Device
~
bn

Quadrature
Filter
 DMT ( Discrete MultiTone ) is a version of multicarrier
modulation in which the data is distributed over a
large number of subcarriers, or channels, each of
which uses a form of QAM modulation.

 These sub-channels transmit data in parallel and are

independently modulated with a carrier frequency.
Multiple sub-channels are established using Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT).

 Using FDM technique the bandwidth is split up into

upstream band (26kHz to 138kHz) and downstream
band (138kHz to 1.1MHz).
 1

Serial to 2 Output
Data
Parallel DMT Line To line
Input D/A
Input Symbol IFFT Filter
Data Encoder
Buffer N

DMT
Symbols
Transmitte
N d Serially
(Complex)
Sub-
channel
Symbols
 1

2 Parallel
line Data
DMT To Serial
Filter A/D Out
FFT Symbol Output
Decoder Data
N Buffer

DMT
Symbols
Received
Serially N
(Complex)
Sub-
channel
Symbols
 256 frequency bands of sub-carriers of
4 KHz bandwidth and spacing of 4.3 KHz.
Each sub carrier can support maximum
15 no of bit. Depending on signal to noise
Ratio for that sub carrier a decision is taken
How many bits that particular sub carrier can
Support.
No of Bits

Voice Upstream Downstream

15

0 4 25 138 139 1100

Frequency (KHz)
 Bandwidth from 0 to 1.1 Mhz is divided into
256 sub carriers with each occupying 4 Khz.
Lower 1 to 6 sub- carriers are reserved to
pass the 4khz analog voice.

 There are 32 upstream channels and 218

downstream channels.

18
 256 frequency bands of sub-carriers of
4 KHz bandwidth and spacing of 4.3 KHz.
Each sub carrier can support maximum
15 bits/Hz. Depending on signal to noise
Ratio for that sub carrier a decision is taken
How many bits that particular sub carrier can
Support. Each carrier can carry 0-15 bits/sec/Hz
Carriers 1-6 for voice and guardband
Voice Upstream Downstream
No of Bits

16 64

6 37 38 255
15

0 4 25 138 139 1104

69 kHz 276 kHz
Frequency (KHz)
Upstream Downstream
Pilot Tone Pilot Tone
19
 Frequency Spectrum of ADSL
 The ADSL transmit signal consist of a large number ( up to 256)
of sub-carrier located at spacing of 4.3125 Khz.

 The channel 0 is for POTS , Channel 1-5 are not used to avoid
interference between voice and data.

 POTS Channel - Separated by a POTS splitter

 Upstream/Downstream channels separated by either FDM

using LPF/HPF.

20
 Is a form of ADSL
 Also known as Universal ADSL or G.Lite
Does not require splitter to be installed
but it does so at the expense of lower
data rates
 Supports a maximum of 2048 kbps (384
kbps upstream)
 Improve the rate and reach of ADSL largely by achieving better
performance on long lines.
 Achieves downstream and upstream data rates of about 12 Mbps and
1 Mbps respectively.
 Accomplishes high rate by improving modulation efficiency, reducing
framing overhead, achieving higher coding gain, improving the
initialization state machine, and providing enhanced signal
processing algorithms.
 In the ADSL2 standard the overhead bits per frame can be
programmed from 4 to 32 kbps. The overhead data rate can be
reduced to 4 kbps, which provides an additional 28 kbps for payload
data.
 ADSL2+ Doubles the bandwidth used to
Carry data

Voice Upstream Downstream

No of Bits

ADSL2+

6 37 38 255 512
15

ADSL/ADSL2

0 4
0.14MHz 1.1MHz 2.2MHz
Frequency

23
 ADSL 2/2+ are further improvement over ADSL and
provide greater download speed and better range.

 Due to better modulation efficiency, more

download speed is possible.

 ADSL 2/2+ can re-synchronize on line at different

speed without interrupting the communication if
SNR changes due to external interference. This is
not possible with ADSL.

 When no communication is taking place ADSL2/2+

can go in sleep/power saving mode and come back
to live mode automatically when data transmission
starts.

24
 Adapt to the line condition to obtain the
maximum throughput.

 Data bits are framed into chunks and spreads

them over the sub-channels.

 The allocation of data into each sub-channel

depends on the characteristics and SNR of the
line.
 There could be data as high as 15 bits/Hz in
a channel when SNR is optimum.
 Distance from the DSLAM.

 Signal attenuation and signal to noise Ratio.

 Weather conditions.

 Number and quality of joints.

 VDSL provides higher speeds than ADSL.
Originally named VADSL (A –Asymmetric) but
was later extended to support both symmetric &
asymmetric.

 It supports upstream data rate of 1.6-2.3 mbps.

 Downstream data rate of 13-52 mbps.

 Rate-adaptive DSL (RADSL) modems adjust
the data rate to match the quality of the
twisted-pair connection.

 Emerging software make this an automated

process with little human intervention.
 HDSL modem is viewed as equivalent of PCM
stream and offers the same bandwidth both
upstream and downstream.

 It can work up to a distance of 3.66 to 4.57 kms

depending upon the speed required.

 On 2 pairs of wires, each line carrying 1168 kbps.

 On 3 pairs of wires, each line carrying 784 kbps.

 Symmetrical digital subscriber line (SDSL) is
similar to HDSL but requires only one pair of
wires.

 Transmission speed ranges from n x 64 kbps

to 2.0 Mbps in both directions.
 The cable network was designed to deliver
TV signals in one direction from the Head-
End to the subscribers homes.

 Operators had to upgrade the cable

network so that signals could flow in both
directions.

 One spectrum is used for the signals that

move from the Head-End towards the cable
subscriber.
 Another spectrum of signal frequencies are
used for the signals that move from the
cable subscriber towards the Head-End.

 By replacing existing one way amplifiers

with two way amplifiers Cable Operators are
able to separate the upstream and
downstream signals and amplify each
direction separately in the right frequency
range.
 In the downstream direction network
speeds can be up to 27 Mbps.

 In the upstream direction speeds can be up

to 10 Mbps.
 A cable modem can provide Internet access
to multiple PCs, if they are connected via a
local area network (LAN).

 Cable modems typically have an Ethernet

output, so they can connect to the LAN with
a standard Ethernet hub or router.
 Bandwidth Sharing-> Sharing of available bandwidth
provided by a single coaxial cable line.

 Speed -> Connection speed can vary depending on

number of users using the service at the same time.

 Security -> A more significant weakness of cable

networks using a shared line is the risk of loss of
privacy.

 Connectivity Problem -> Cable modem access without

tying it to a cable television subscription.

 Cost factor -> High cost as compared to ADSL modems.

 PLC also called Broadband over Power Lines
(BPL) that uses electricity networks for data
and voice transmission.

 The carrier can communicate voice and data

by superimposing an signal over the standard
50 Hz alternating current (AC).

 High-speed data transmission can be achieved

by using the lower voltage transmission lines
used for power distribution.
 Getting to the subscriber’s premises:
◦ Bypass the distribution transformer with fiber,
wireless or coax and inject PLC on the low
voltage service drop wires, or

◦ Bypass the distribution transformer with fixed

wireless to the premises, or

◦ Transmit PLC through the distribution

transformer to the premises.
 Low frequencies
◦ Below 400 kHz (US)
◦ Below 125 kHz (Europe)
◦ Transmission rate about 1 to 10 kbps.

 High frequencies
◦ 2 to 30 MHZ (HF)
◦ Transmission rate about 1 to 40 Mbps.
 Getting beyond
the
transformer
Insert Power Line
Carrier at middle
voltage

Backhaul to NAP
(fiber, DSL, wireless,
satellite)
 The major advantage of BPL over regular
cable connections is the availability of the
extensive infrastructure already available.
◦ Network characteristics like topology, impedance, splices,
terminations, grounding adversely affect signal strength and
quality.

◦ Electronic loads and nearby high frequency radiation sources

may cause high frequency noise that interferes with BPL.

◦ Equipment will be exposed to severe lightning and switching

surges.

◦ Conventional electronic surge arrestors severely attenuate BPL

signal.
 Optical fibers the technology for transmission media, are
beginning to find their place in the subscriber's loop.

 The advantages of capacity of fiber, its small weight and

size over copper cable are making it a very attractive
technology to replace copper in subs loop .

 Fiber is 23 times lighter than Cu cable and 36 times less in

cross- sectional area.

 These features of light weight and small size make it

easier to handle fiber cable.

 In crowded city networks they can easily be

accommodated in existing ducted systems.
 Fiber in loop can be developed in several
configurations.

◦ Fibre to the Curb(FTTC)

◦ Fibre to the building(FTTB)

◦ Fibre to the home/Office(FTTH/FTTO)

◦ PON (Passive Optical Network)

 Fibre to the Curb(FTTC)
◦ In FTTC terminal equipment is located on the curb from
where it would be convenient to serve a suitable service
area.
◦ Since the distribution would still be copper, suitable
location for the terminal would be one which optimizes the
cost, reduces back-feeding, reduces distribution cost and
takes safety factors into consideration.

 Fibre to the building(FTTB)

◦ In FTTB, terminal equipment is located inside a
multistoreyed building.
◦ Brings higher bandwidth closer to the subscriber.
◦ The distribution part is still copper. For new buildings.

 Fibre to the home/Office (FTTH/FTTO)

◦ The fiber goes upto the subscriber premises.
 The optical fiber cabinet consists of fiber optic transmission
equipment and customer access equipment.

 It consists of three internal chambers. A battery chamber that houses

upto 2 batteries, an MDF chamber housing MDF, alarms and fibre
splice box, an equipment chamber housing transmission and access
equipment.

 Exchange side of cabinets connect to exchange on 2Mbps or channel

level interface and subscriber side of cabinets connect to subscribers
via copper lines. These can be installed as outdoor or indoor
cabinets.

 Outdoor cabinets are environmentally fitted and could be installed on

curbs or in remote areas. Usual capacities of fiber optic cabinets have
capacities 120, 240,480 and 1920 channels.

 Each cabinet requires two fibers for operation and one dark fiber-pair
is usually kept as spare. The fiber optic cabinets offer point to point
connections and can take care of POTS, ISDN(BRI and PRI), DID,
64Kbps leased lines.
 In Passive Optical Networks, all active
components between the central office exchange
and the customer premises are eliminated, and
passive optical components are put into the
network to guide traffic based on splitting the
power of optical wavelengths to endpoints along
the way.

 This replacement of active with passive

components provides a cost-savings to the
service provider by eliminating the need to power
and service active components in the
transmission loop.
 Optical Line Terminal(OLT): It is located in the
central office and interfaces with switch. It
provides system control and implements protocol
for transmission.

 Splitter : It splits the source optical beam into

multiple fibers.

 Optical Network Unit (ONU) : It interfaces with

subscriber terminals and works under the control
of OLT to implement the transmission protocol. It
can be configured in FTTC, FTTB and FTTH
configurations
 Different PON technologies.

o APON (ATM PON)

o EPON (Ethernet PON)

o GPON( Giga Bit EthernetPON) .

 Fiber is less costly to maintain than copper based
systems so operators can reduce costs, increase
profits or lower costs to the end-users.

 The technology conserves fiber, passive elements and

optical interfaces. All this leads to cost effectiveness.

 Reliability of the network is very high.

 Both business and residential customers can be

served on the same platform and customers get
better quality of service.

 Network can be upgraded to support future services

 Bluetooth
 3G Mobile
 Wi-Fi
 WiMAX
 FSO
 LMDS
 MMDS
 Satellite
 1Gbps
data rate

UWB

100Mbps
802.11a/g WLAN
10Mbps 802.16a WiMAX 802.20 WWAN
WMAN
802.11b WLAN
1Mbps 3G/4G
Bluetooth
100kbps
2G/2.5G Cell
Phone Service
10kbps RFID
Sensor
Network
Personal Local Metropolitan Wide distance
Area Area Area Area
Network Network Network Network
(<10m) (<100m) (1 to 48km) (>48km)
 WAN

IEEE 802.20 3GPP, EDGE

(Proposed) (GSM), CDMA 2000-1x EV-DO
WCDMA,UMTS,4G

MAN

IEEE 802.16 ETSI HIPERMAN

Wireless MAN & HIPERACCESS

LAN
ETSI
IEEE 802.11 HYPERLAN
Wireless LAN

PAN

IEEE 802.15 ETSI

Bluetooth HYPERPAN
 It is a Wireless Technology used for short range applications (about 10 meters)
namely in Personal Area Networks (PAN).

 It operates on 2.4 GHz band with 1+ Mbps speed and Frequency Hopping Spread
spectrum modulation technique is employed.

 It is a Combination of circuit switching and packet switching supporting both

voice and data.

 Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if
they are not in the same room, as long as they are within up to 100 metres of
each other, dependent on the power class of the product.

 Class 1 (100 mW) ->It has the longest range at up to 100 metres.

 Class 2 (2.5 mW) ->It allows transmission to a distance of 10 metres.

 Class 3 (1 mW) ->It allows transmission of 10 cm with a maximum of 1 metre.

 With UWB (Ultra Wide Band technology) speed upto a maximum of 400Mbps is
achieved.
 A new short-range wireless technology.

 It’s designed for:

 Interconnecting computer and peripherals.
 Interconnecting various handhelds.
 Cellular mobile telephony has started
delivering data access over the air.

 The evolution of cellular mobile telephony has

taken place in following steps

o 2G – GSM, CDMA
o 2.5G – GSM(GPRS/EDGE), CDMA 2000 1x
o 3G – UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA 2000 1xEVDO/EVDV
1 2G GSM/CDMA 9-14 Kbps

2 2.5G GSM

2(a) GPRS 115Kbps

2(b) EDGE 384Kbps

3 2.5G CDMA 2000 1X 170Kbps

4 3G UMTS/WCDMA 384 Kbps- 2048Kbps

5 3G CDMA 2000 1X EVDO/EVDV 384 Kbps- 2048Kbps

 The technologies 2.5G GSM(EDGE) & 3G falls
into the category of Broadband access.

 EVDO-Evolution Data Optimised

 EVDV-Evolution Data and Voice
 UMTS-Universal Mobile Telephony System
 WCDMA – Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access)
 Wi-Fi is an abbreviation for "wireless fidelity” & is a trademark controlled by
the Wi-Fi Alliance, the trade organization that tests and certifies equipment
compliance with the IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless local area
networks(WLANs).

 Wi-Fi was intended to allow mobile devices, such as laptop computers and
personal digital assistants (PDAs) to connect to local area networks, but is now
often used for wireless Internet access and wireless.

 A Wi-Fi-enabled device is able to connect to a local area network when near

one of the network's access points.

 The connection is made by radio signals; there is no need to plug the device
into the network.

 If the local area network is connected to the Internet, the Wi-Fi device can have
Internet access as well.

 The geographical region covered by several access points is called a hotzone.

 The range of an access point varies. The access point built into a typical Wi-Fi
home router might have a range of 45 m indoors and 90 m outdoors.
 Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 specifications with four deployed
802.11 variations.

IEEE 802.11
 The Initial release of the standard capable of transmissions of 1 to 2
Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).

 IEEE 802.11a -> transmissions upto 54 Mbps and operates in 5 GHz

band and uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM
encoding scheme.

 IEEE 802.11b -> transmissions of upto 11 Mbps and operates in 2.4

GHz band and uses only DSSS encoding scheme.

 IEEE 802.11g -> transmissions upto 54 Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz
band and uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)
encoding scheme.

 IEEE 802.11n -> transmissions upto 100 Mbps and operates in 2.4 GHz
band and uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)
encoding scheme.
 Wi-Fi uses unlicensed radio spectrum and does not require
regulatory approval for individual.

 Allows LANs to be deployed without cabling, potentially reducing

the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where
cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical
buildings, can host wireless LANs.

 Different brands of access points and client network interfaces

are interoperable at a basic level of service.

 Many access points and network interfaces support various

degrees of encryption to protect traffic from interception.

 Wi-Fi is a global set of standards. Unlike cellular carriers, the

same Wi-Fi client works in different countries around the world.
 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band does not require a license in most of
the world, local regulations do require that Wi-Fi devices
stay below the local regulatory limits on transmission
power.

 Legislation/regulation is not consistent worldwide.

 The 802.11b and 802.11g flavors of Wi-Fi use the 2.4 GHz
spectrum, which is crowded with other equipment such as
Bluetooth devices, microwave ovens, cordless phones (900
MHz or 5.8 GHz.

 Closed access points can interfere with properly

configured open access points on the same frequency,
preventing use of open access points by others.

 Power consumption is fairly high compared to other

standards, making battery life and heat a concern.
 WiMAX is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

 WiMAX covers wider, metropolitan or rural areas.

 Provide data rates up to 75 megabits per second (Mbps) per

base station with typical cell sizes of 2 to 10 kilometers.

 This bandwidth is enough to simultaneously support

(through a single base station) more than 60 businesses
with T1/E1-type connectivity and hundreds of homes with
DSL-type connectivity.

 An important aspect of the IEEE 802.16 is that it defines a

MAC (Media Access Control) layer that supports multiple
physical layer specifications in 2 to 11 Ghz & 10 to 66 Ghz
bands.
 The MAC is significantly different from that of Wi-Fi.

 In Wi-Fi, the MAC uses contention access—all subscriber stations

wishing to pass data through an access point are competing for the
AP's(Access points) attention on a random basis. This can cause distant
nodes from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by less sensitive, closer
nodes, greatly reducing their throughput.

 By contrast, the 802.16 MAC is a scheduling MAC where the subscriber

station only has to compete once (for initial entry into the network).
After that it is allocated a time slot by the base station.

 The time slot can enlarge and constrict, but it remains assigned to the
subscriber station meaning that other subscribers are not supposed to
use it but take their turn. This scheduling algorithm is stable under
overload and oversubscription .

 It is also much more bandwidth efficient. The scheduling algorithm also

allows the base station to control Quality of Service by balancing the
assignments among the needs of the subscriber stations.
FSO is optical, wireless, point-to-point, line-of-sight broadband
technology that is an alternative to fiber optic cable systems
without expense of fiber
 Speed is comparable to fiber optic transmissions
Transmits up to 1.25 Gbps at distance of 4 miles (6.4
kilometers) in full-duplex mode
 Uses low-powered infrared (IR) beam sent through open air by
transceivers
 Uses unlicensed higher frequency
 Currently FSO uses two different wavelengths, but expect
worldwide standard in near future
Several advantages of FSO
 Significantly less expensive than fiber optic or
leased lines
 Much faster installation, days or weeks
compared to months for fiber optic cables
 Transmission speed can be scaled to meet
user’s needs; from 10 Mbps to 1.25 Gbps
 Security is key advantage; not easy to intercept
or decode
Primary disadvantage is impact of atmospheric conditions
on FSO transmissions.
 Scintillation is temporal and spatial variations in light intensity
caused by atmospheric turbulence that acts like prism to distort FSO
signals.

 FSO overcomes scintillation by sending data in parallel streams from

several separate laser transmitters separated by about 7.8 inches.

 Called spatial diversity, this technique exploits multiple regions of

space .
Several solutions to overcome fog
 Increase transmitted power.

 Customize distance and products based on weather

statistics for particular cities.

 Place FSO transceivers less than 500 meters apart in regions

with heavy fog.

 Use a backup system along with FSO.

Signal interference, such as birds, can block

signal
 Solution is to block signal temporarily and then raise to full
power when obstruction clears.
Two ways to handle problem of tall buildings that
may sway due to wind or seismic activity

 Beam divergence—transmitted beam is purposely spread to

form large optical cone when it arrives at receiving device.

 Active tracking—feedback mechanism uses movable mirrors to

adjust automatically and control direction that beams are sent.
 Broadband wireless technology that uses
microwave signals operating in the 28-GHz and
31-GHz ranges.
 It is a point-to-multipoint service.
 Throughput capacity and distance of the link
depends on the modulation method used - either
phase-shift keying or amplitude modulation.
 Links up to 5 miles from the base station are
possible.
 Voice, data and video
 Data rate in the range of 100s of Mbps
 Line-of-sight technology
 Central Office Video
PSTN

Internet
Content &
Application
Providers
Backhaul for
Hotspots

Data,PSTN
Video Access

Data,PSTN
LMDS Cell Site Video Access
 LMDS systems is composed
Of cells. Typical LMDS Cell
2-5 miles across

To CO

LMDS Cell Site

Line-of-sight—LMDS requires direct
line.
 Tall buildings may obstruct line of
sight.
 Solution is to divide area into smaller

cells.
Antenna height—placed on taller
buildings can serve larger cells without
obstructions.
 No Signal
To CO Shadow
Zone

Tall Building
Obstructs Signal
LMDS Cell Site
To CO

LMDS Cell Site

LMDS Cell Site
To CO
LMDS signals broadcast from radio hubs that
connect to service provider’s central office and
to other networks.

Three pieces of equipment at receiving site.

 12- to 15-inch diameter directional antenna
 Digital radio modem
 A network interface unit (NIU)
 28-31 GHz
PMP and PP systems
Multiple Mbps to 100’s of Mbps

LMDS Hub Unit LMDS Remote Unit

LMDS uses two access methods to share
frequency
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Modulation techniques vary among carriers
 Most use a form of quadrature phase shift
keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM), 4-QAM, 16-QAM or 64-QAM
 Lower cost for both user and carrier
than wired alternatives.
 Increased service area & network may
be expanded one cell at a time.
 Capacity as much as 1,300 MHz of
spectrum in a local market, carriers
can support 16,000 telephone calls and
200 video channels simultaneously.
 Requires line-of-sight between
buildings; LMDS network is limited by
surrounding objects.

 Affected by precipitation-> LMDS

systems are susceptible to interference
from rain and fog.
In 1998, FCC allowed MMDS frequency to provide
two-way services such as wireless Internet access
along with voice and video transmissions.

Similar to LMDS, MMDS can transmit video, voice,

or data signals at 1.5 Mbps downstream and 300
Kbps upstream at distances up to 35 miles.
Mounted MMDS hub uses point-to-multipoint
architecture.
By using lower frequencies, MMDS signals travel longer
distances and provide service to cells that are up to 35
miles across.
Pizza box (13 x 13 inch) directional antennas are
mounted at receiving location.
Cable runs from antenna to MMDS wireless modem.
 Converts analog signal to digital and may be attached

to single computer or LAN

Work is underway for Second Generation MMDS
 Will use Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM).

 Stronger signal will eliminate line-of-sight

requirement, increase coverage in cell, and
simplify antenna installation.

 Speeds may reach up to 9 Mbps downstream

and 2.0 Mbps upstream.
 Signal strength—low frequency MMDS RF
signal travels farther and with less interference
than high-frequency LMDS RF signals.

 Cell size—seven times larger than area

covered by LMDS transmitters.

 Cost—MMDS is less expensive than LMDS.

 Requires direct line-of-sight—makes installation difficult and
eliminates locations blocked by taller obstructions.

 Shared signals—decreased speed and throughput since users

share same radio channel.

 Security—Unencrypted transmissions may be intercepted and

read.
 Limited markets—available in limited areas in USA.
 Satellite broadband offers two-way internet access via
satellites orbiting the earth about 22,000 miles above
equator.

 The PC through a special satellite modem broadcasts the

requests to the satellite dish ,located on top of the
roof/building which inturn transmits and receives signal
from the satellites.

 Satellite broadband is slower in both uplink and downlink

compared to any DSL technology.

 VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals) & DTH (Direct To

Home) terminals are used for satellite transmission.

 Satellite broadband has got an advantage, that it can be

deployed in every region in a country.
THANKS