Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DE PLANEAMIENTO DE MINADO
www.simsched.com 1
Conventional Steps
www.simsched.com 2
Possible destinations
$
Process 1*
Mine (s)**
$
Process n*
www.simsched.com 3
Block Model
www.simsched.com 4
Benefit Function
www.simsched.com 5
Value of each block
– Destination
– Grades
– Recovery
– Mining cost
– Transportation cost
– Process cost
– Selling price
– etc.
www.simsched.com 6
Importance of economic values
Process and
Block Cu_% Au_PPM Revenue ($) Diference
sale costs ($)
A 0.26 0.28 1,435.00 -1,435.00 0.00
B 0.28 0.25 1,728.00 -810.00 918.00
C 0.33 0.17 744.00 -1,223.00 -479.00
www.simsched.com 7
Example of parameters for calculating
the economic values of the blocks
Description Cu_% Au_PPM
Recovery 0.88 0.60
Selling price ($) 2000.00 12.00
Selling cost ($) 720.00 0.20
Processing cost ($/t) 4.00
Mining cost ($/t) 0.90
Discount rate (%) 10
Dimension of the blocks in X (m) 30
Dimension of the blocks in Y (m) 30
Dimension of the blocks in Z (m) 30
www.simsched.com 8
Example
𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∗ 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 30 ∗ 30 ∗ 30 ∗ 2.68 = 72360.00 𝑡
www.simsched.com 9
Example
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑢 − 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑢
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑢 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣 𝐴𝑢 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑢 − 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑢
− 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
www.simsched.com 10
IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL
DE PLANEAMIENTO DE MINADO
www.simsched.com 11
Pit Limits
www.simsched.com 12
Blocks Precedence
www.simsched.com 13
Blocks Precedence
www.simsched.com 14
Optimization Methods
– Floating cone
– Lerchs-Grossmann
– Maximum flow
– Surfaces based model
www.simsched.com 15
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 16
Floating Cone: 2D Block Model
www.simsched.com 17
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 18
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 19
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 20
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 21
Floating Cone: Final pit optimized
www.simsched.com 22
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 23
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 24
Floating Cone: example including
waste
www.simsched.com 25
Lerchs-Grossmann (LG)
• Mij = ∑ mij, para j=1,2,…
Pi-1,j-1
• Pij = Mij + Máx Pij-1
Pi+1,j-1
www.simsched.com 26
LG: Blocks Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 7 9 9 9 9 9 7 5 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
3 -3 -3 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
4 -4 -4 -4 -4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 -4 -4 -4
5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 3
6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 2 3 4 4
8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 1 2
9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9
10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10
www.simsched.com 27
LG: Mij Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 17 19 19 19 17 14 6 4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
3 14 16 23 27 25 22 14 12 5 1 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
5 5 7 14 18 24 22 24 24 18 14 7 5 -4 -5 -7
6 -1 1 8 12 18 16 18 18 12 17 12 10 1 0 -2
7 -8 -6 1 5 11 9 11 11 5 10 5 12 4 4 2
8 -16 -14 -7 -3 3 1 3 3 -3 2 -3 4 -4 5 4
10 -35 -33 -26 -22 -16 -18 -16 -16 -22 -17 -22 -15 -23 -14 -15
www.simsched.com 28
LG: Construction of Pij Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 92 10
3 11
4 12
5 13
6 14
7 15
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0
27 0
46 0
65 0
86 0 124
108
0
0 142 159 171 186 199 206 213
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1
1 -1
10 -1
27 -1
46 -1
65 -1
86 -1 124
108 -1 142
-1 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 19 19 19 17 14 62 4
17 -3
36 -3
55 -3
78 -3 125
103 -3
Pij-3 =17210
-3 160
143
+ Máx 10
187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 16 23 27 25 22 14
3 12
14 5 1 -6 -6 -6 -6 190 203 210 217 22517
-6 175
(a) Matriz Mij. (b) 33 59 86 111
Matriz Pij. 137 156 226 227
4 10 12 19 23 29 27 21
4 19
10 12
26 8
52 1
82 -1 -10
115 142 -10
=18527
163 -10 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 7 14 18 24 22 24
5 24
5 18
17 14
40 7
70 5 137
106 -4 166
-5 190
-7 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 1 8 12 18 16 18
6 18
-1 12
6 17
25 12
52 10
88 1 155
122 0 184
-2 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
7 -8 -6 1 5 11 9 11
7 11
-8 5
-7 10
7 5
30 12
63 4
97 4 166
133 2 189 212 230 249 253 257 260
www.simsched.com 29
LG: Pij Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 27 46 65 86 108 124 142 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 36 55 78 103 125 143 160 172 187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 33 59 86 111 137 156 175 190 203 210 217 225 226 227
4 10 26 52 82 115 142 163 185 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 17 40 70 106 137 166 190 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 6 25 52 88 122 155 184 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
8 -16 -22 -14 4 33 64 100 136 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -39 -38 -26 -2 25 58 94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -58 -65 -60 -42 -20 9 42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 30
LG: Construction of pit limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 27 46 65 86 108 124 142 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 36 55 78 103 125 143 160 172 187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 33 59 86 111 137 156 175 190 203 210 217 225 226 227
4 10 26 52 82 115 142 163 185 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 17 40 70 106 137 166 190 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 6 25 52 88 122 155 184 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
8 -16 -22 -14 4 33 64 100 136 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -39 -38 -26 -2 25 58 94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -58 -65 -60 -42 -20 9 42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 31
LG: Pit Limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 27 46 65 86 108 124 142 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 36 55 78 103 125 143 160 172 187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 33 59 86 111 137 156 175 190 203 210 217 225 226 227
4 10 26 52 82 115 142 163 185 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 17 40 70 106 137 166 190 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 6 25 52 88 122 155 184 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
8 -16 -22 -14 4 33 64 100 136 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -39 -38 -26 -2 25 58 94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -58 -65 -60 -42 -20 9 42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 32
LG: limit optimized superimposed on
the block model
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 7 9 9 9 9 9 7 5 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
3 -3 -3 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
4 -4 -4 -4 -4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 -4 -4 -4
5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 3
6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 2 3 4 4
8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 1 2
9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9
10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10
www.simsched.com 33
Maximum Flow
*Taken from Hochbaum, Dorit S., A New-Old Algorithm for Minimum-cut and Maximum-flow in Closure
Graphs, NETWORKS - 30th Anniversary Special Paper (2001), Vol. 37(4), 171-193.
www.simsched.com 34
Geotechnical errors of Precedence
Method
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
www.simsched.com 35
Surfaces-based Model
It always
respects the
angle
www.simsched.com 36
Comparing precedence of blocks and
surfaces-based model
www.simsched.com 37
Comparing precedence of blocks and
surfaces-based model
www.simsched.com 38
Comparing precedence of blocks and
surfaces-based model
www.simsched.com 39
Case study: vertical section
www.simsched.com 40
Case study: transition zones
www.simsched.com 41
IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL
DE PLANEAMIENTO DE MINADO
www.simsched.com 42
The mine scheduling problem
www.simsched.com 43
Operational Constraints
www.simsched.com 44
Operational Constraints
www.simsched.com 45
Operational Constraints
Pit with $1B and 6% SiO2 Pit with $900M and 5% SiO2 Pit with $950M and 5% SiO2
www.simsched.com 46
Nested Pits
www.simsched.com 47
Nested Pits: Results
www.simsched.com 48
The Gap Problem
1 2 3
www.simsched.com 49
Worst Case
www.simsched.com 50
Best Case
www.simsched.com 51
Nested Pits: Analysis
www.simsched.com 52
NPV (US$)
Sensitive Analysis
Variation (%)
*Taken from
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0370-
44672012000200016.
www.simsched.com 53
Pushbacks
www.simsched.com 54
Mine Scheduling
www.simsched.com 55
Mathematical Mine Scheduling
www.simsched.com 56
Mine Scheduling: Best Case
www.simsched.com 57
Strategic Mine Scheduling
www.simsched.com 58
Run of Mine
2 `1 1 1 2 3
3 2 2 2 3 4
4 3 3 3 4 5
3.5
5 5
Stripping ratio
4 4 4
5 5
5 5
5 3
5
2.5
1 2 3 4 5
Time
www.simsched.com 59
Run of Mine
www.simsched.com 60
Process and Equipment
• Process definition.
• Fleet selection and sizing.
• High recovery and productivity.
• High NPV.
www.simsched.com 61
Panel Scheduling
1 2 3
c b a Bench 1
f e d Bench 2
g
i h Bench 3
j
k Bench 4
l Bench 5
www.simsched.com 62
Period-by-period Scheduling
www.simsched.com 63
Mixed Scheduling
How does it work?
• Each panel is subdivided in groups.
• Period-by-period or multiple periods.
Drawbacks
• Complexity.
• Limitations.
www.simsched.com 64
Mine Scheduling – Short-term
www.simsched.com 65
Mine Design: Geometric Elements
www.simsched.com 66
Mine Design: Accesses and Ramps
www.simsched.com 67
Cut-off Grade Optimization
www.simsched.com 68
Cut-off Grade Optimization
www.simsched.com 69
Cut-off Grade Optimization: Grade-
tonnage curve
www.simsched.com 70
Cut-off Grade Optimization
c + f + Fi
g milling i =
P−s ∗y
NPVi
Fi = Opportunity cost per short ton of material milled in year (i) - Fi = d ∗
C
d = Discount rate
NPVi = NPV of the future cash flows of the years i to the end of mine life N
C = total processing capacity in year (i)
www.simsched.com 71
Cut-off Grade Policies
www.simsched.com 72
Cut-off Grade Policies
(c) decline of the cut-off grade and included fixed (d) Lane method.
costs.
www.simsched.com 73
Mine Scheduling (MS) with cut-off
grade optimization
www.simsched.com 74
MS with cut-off grade optimization and
stockpiles
www.simsched.com 75
Mine Scheduling with revenue factor 0.92
www.simsched.com 76
Scheduling with stockpiles
*Taken from
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/756894/000119312512137641/d32566
1dex991.htm.
www.simsched.com 77