Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4-PIN METHOD
SMALL BOLTS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE TO IMPROVE
CONTACT RESISTANCE
SPACINGS OF 51, 102, 203 and 305mm (2, 4, 8 and 12 inches
MEASURING RESISTIVITY
CONTROLLING MOISTURE
SLABS AND CYLINDERS CURED FOR 158 AND 227
DAYS, RESPECTIVELY
SLABS RESUBMERGED FOR 31 DAYS, THEN LIFTED TO
ALLOW CONTROLLED DRYING
WEIGHED PERIODICALLY TO DETERMINE MOISTURE
CONTENT
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
NO REINFORCEMENT, NON-CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
NO REINFORCEMENT, CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
NO REINFORCEMENT, CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
REBAR, NON-CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
REBAR, CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
WIRE MESH, NON-CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
RESISTIVITY VS. MOISTURE
WIRE MESH, CONDUCTIVE BOTTOM
MOISTURE WICKING EFFECTS
CYLINDERS SUBMERGED TO SATURATE, THEN
PLACED VERTICALLY IN 4 INCHES OF WATER
DETERMINE IF FOUNDATIONS, ETC. CAN ABSORB
ENOUGH MOISTURE FROM EARTH TO BE
CONSIDERED “WET”
RESISTIVITY MEASURED USING VOLUME RESISTIVITY
METHOD
ELECTRODES EMBEDDED – SHOULD NOT BE SUBJECT
TO ERROR FROM HIGH RESISTANCE FILM
MOISTURE WICKING EFFECTS
MOISTURE WICKING EFFECTS
MOISTURE WICKING EFFECTS
No reinforcement Rebars
All Slabs
- 27 580kpa
- ~ 19mm gravel
0.91m
Soil 1
Slab 3 Slab 4
1.83m 2.44m x 2.44m Plastic Cover
1.83m x 1.83m x 0.254m for Controlled Soil Surface 1.83m x 1.83m x 0.254m
0.91m
0.91m
TOUCH VOLTAGE ON CONCRETE
3’ 3’3’
3’
4’
VS1
BC6 VS3
VS4
VS5
TOUCH VOLTAGE ON CONCRETE
Vtoc or Vtcc
C1 1000 Ω
Vtoc
Rb=
Iexp
Iexp
1000 Ω
C2 C3
Rcontact
Rthev
Ifault
Rmutual
C2/C3
Igrid
TOUCH VOLTAGE ON CONCRETE
SOIL MODEL:
UPPER ρ=195 Ω-M
UPPER ρ=1244 Ω-M
H=26 ft
• MEASURED Vtoc = 2V
• GREAT AGREEMENT!!!
• TOTAL EQUIVALENT BODY CIRCUIT RESISTANCE IS ONLY 7% LOW
• WOULD GET OK AGREEMENT WITH ρs = 200 Ω-M (42V)
CONCLUSIONS
• REASONABLY CONSERVATIVE VALUE FOR WET CONCRETE
(WITH OR WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT) = 200 Ω-M
• UNGROUNDED REINFORCEMENT GIVES ABOUT
SAME BODY CURRENT AS PLAIN CONCRETE
• GROUNDING THE REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE
SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES BODY CURRENT
• BASED ON THESE TESTS, STD 80 EQUATION
SLIGHTLY UNDERESTIMATES THE EQUIVALENT
BODY CIRCUIT RESISTANCE
• COMPUTATION OF OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE MUST
USE MODEL THAT DEPICTS EFFECTS OF
GROUNDED REINFORCING MATERIAL – VOLTAGE
ON SOIL WILL GROSSLY OVERESTIMATE Vtouch