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PRESENTATION
• Foundation Engineering
• Piles Classifications
• Pile Driving System
• Pile Driving Process
• Pile Driving Inspector
• Pile Testing
• Pile Acceptance
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
LCDR LAMOSTE PN
Lesson 1
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING is a
branch of GEOTECHNICAL ENGG
which deals with the study, design
& construction of the elements
that transfer the weight of the
structure to the underlying rock or
soil.
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
FOUNDATION is the element of a
structure that serves to
support the loads super-imposed
to it through the
transmitting elements (such as
columns).
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Lotus
Riverside
Collapse
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
LEANING TOWER OF PIZZA
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
THE SCHOHARIE CREEK
BRIDGE DISASTER
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
FOUNDATION can be classified
under two groups:
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Shallow Foundations
This type of foundation usually refers
to those being rested on stratum
with adequate bearing
capacity and laid less
than 3m below
ground
level.
firm
ground
10 bed rock
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Deep Foundations A deep foundation
is a foundation unit
that provides
support for a
structure by toe
resistance in a
P
I
competent soil or
L rock at some depth
E
below the structure,
weak soil
and/or by shaft
resistance in the
soil or rock in which
bed rock
11 it is placed.
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Spread (isolated) footings: supporting a
concentrated load, such as a loading delivered by
a column.
Strip (wall) footings: supporting a line load, such as
a loading delivered by a bearing wall.
Grade beams: supporting a repetitive series of
concentrated loads, such as a loading delivered by
a line of several columns.
Slabs, rafts, and mats.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations
Raft or Mat
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Driven Piles: A Driven Pile is a deep foundation
that is constructed by driving a concrete, steel
or timber pile to support the anticipated loads in
competent subsurface material.
Drilled Shafts: A Drilled Shaft is a deep
foundation that is constructed by placing fluid
concrete in a drilled hole.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
DRIVEN PILES
CAISSON
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
LCDR LAMOSTE PN
Lesson 2
Classifications of Piles
• With respect to Material
• With respect to Load Transition
• With respect to Purpose & Use
• With respect to Effect on the Soil
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES
WITH RESPECT TO MATERIAL
Timber
Timber piles are made from the trunks of trees. Such piles are
available in most sections of the country and the world.
Ordinary lengths are 15 to 45 ft.
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES
WITH RESPECT TO MATERIAL
Timber
Timber piles should be treated per AWPA C3 when cut-off
elevation is above groundwater elevation. Untreated timber piles
are acceptable only when the entire pile length will be
permanently below the water table.
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES
WITH RESPECT TO MATERIAL
Concrete
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO LOAD TRANSMISSION
End-Bearing Piles
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO PURPOSE & USE
Piers
piles used to support a horizontal supporting
span such as a bridge or archway
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
PILES W/ RESPECT
TO PURPOSE & USE
Piers
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO PURPOSE & USE
Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are generally
prefabricated or precast
members driven vertically into
the ground to form a
continuous vertical wall.
Sheet piles protect bearing
piles against scour and the
danger of undermining a pier
foundation. They form
retaining walls (bulkheads) for
waterfront structures
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
PILES W/ RESPECT
TO PURPOSE & USE
Sheet Piles
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO PURPOSE & USE
Batter Piles
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
PILES W/ RESPECT
TO PURPOSE & USE
Batter Piles
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO PURPOSE & USE
Anchor Piles
Anchor piles are driven to
resist tension loads. In
hydraulic structures, there
may be a hydrostatic uplift
load that is greater than the
downward load on the
structure. Anchor piles may be
used to anchor bulkheads,
retaining walls, and guy wires.
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO PURPOSE & USE
Fender Piles
Fender piles. Fender piles are
driven to protect piers, docks,
and bridges from the wear
and shock of approaching
ships and floating objects
such as ice and debris
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
PILES W/ RESPECT
TO PURPOSE & USE
Fender Piles
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO PURPOSE & USE
Dolphins
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
PILES W/ RESPECT
TO PURPOSE & USE
Dolphins
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
TYPES OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO EFFECT
ON SOIL
Displacement Piles
displacement (generally driven) pile, soil is
displaced radially as the pile shaft
penetrates the ground. There may also be
a component of movement of the soil in
the vertical direction. Granular soils tend
to become compacted by the displacement
process, and clay soils may heave, with
little immediate volume change as the clay
is displaced.
PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
TYPES OF PILES WITH
RESPECT TO EFFECT
ON SOIL
Non-displacement Piles
In the non-displacement (generally
bored) pile, lateral stresses in the ground
are reduced during excavation and only
partly reinstated by concreting. Problems
resulting from soil displacement are
therefore eliminated, but the benefit of
compaction in granular soils is lost and in
all soils spoil is produced which may be
costly to remove from a site, especially if
it is contaminated. PILES
CLASSIFICATIONS
PILE DRIVING SYSTEM
LCDR LAMOSTE PN
Lesson 3
TYPICAL PILE DRIVING SYSTEM
The goal of this topic is to
familiarize you with the
various parts of the Pile
Driving System. It is
important that you know
and recognize the various
components as in many
cases it is part of your
responsibility to verify
that the proper equipment
is on site, operates
properly or is not
damaged.
PILE DRIVING SYSTEM
HAMMERS
A template is
required when
swinging leads are
used to maintain
the pile in proper
position and
alignment.
A template is not
required when fixed
leads are used to
maintain the hammer
and pile in proper
position and
alignment.
DRIVING OF 40
PRODUCTION PILES
50
ACCEPTANCE
THE PROCESS
SOIL BORING TEST CONTRACTOR
ACCEPTANCE
THE PROCESS
SOIL BORING TEST CONTRACTOR W/ END
USER INSPECTOR &
DESIGN OF PILE. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER
SUBMISSION OF PILE Static Load Test
INSTALLATION PLAN Dynamic Load Test
Statnamic Test
TEST PILE
1. To determine efficiency of
PILE DRIVING CRITERIA
Pile Driving Equipment.
/ AUTHORIZED PILE
2. To determine drivability of
LENGTH LETTER ISSUED
Piles.
DRIVING OF 3. To determine final length
PRODUCTION PILES of Production Piles
ACCEPTANCE
THE PROCESS
SOIL BORING TEST GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER
DRIVING OF
PRODUCTION PILES
ACCEPTANCE
THE PROCESS
SOIL BORING TEST GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER
DRIVING OF
PRODUCTION PILES
ACCEPTANCE
THE PROCESS
SOIL BORING TEST PILE DRIVING
INSPECTOR
DESIGN OF PILE.
Pile Driving Record
SUBMISSION OF PILE
INSTALLATION PLAN
TEST PILE
DRIVING OF
PRODUCTION PILES
ACCEPTANCE PILE DRIVING PROCESS
THE PROCESS
SOIL BORING TEST
DESIGN OF PILE.
SUBMISSION OF PILE
INSTALLATION PLAN
TEST PILE
DRIVING OF
PRODUCTION PILES
ACCEPTANCE
PILE DRIVING PROCESS
THE PILE DRIVING
INSPECTOR
References
Standard Specification
Pile Driving Inspection Checklist
Bearing Conversion Charts
Pile Inspector’s Qualification
Course Manual
INSPECTOR’S TOOLS & DOCUMENTS CHECKLIST
Testing Equipment
Saximeter
Spare Batteries
Documentation Material
Daily Essentials
Hard Hat
Boots
Eye & Ear Protection
Pen / Pencil (w/ spare)
INSPECTOR’S TOOLS & DOCUMENTS CHECKLIST
PILE TEST
PILE TEST METHODS
PILE TEST
GRL
DYNAMIC PILE TESTING AND ANALYSIS
History
18th Century: Closed Form Solutions
Late 19th Century: Engineering News Formula
1920’s: First Strain Measurements
1950: Smith’s Wave Equation Program
1964: Case Project began under Dr. G.G. Goble
1968: Pile Driving Analyzer ® (PDA)
1970: CAPWAP ®
1972: Pile Dynamics, Inc. founded
1976: WEAP program
1977: Saximeter
1982: Hammer Performance Analyzer
1986: Hammer Performance Study
1989: Pile Integrity Testing (PIT)
1996: FHWA Manual
1998: Pile Installation Recorders (PIR)
1999: Remote PDA
DYNAMIC PILE TESTING AND ANALYSIS
PDA DATA
SCREEN
DYNAMIC PILE TESTING AND ANALYSIS
DYNAMIC PILE TESTING AND ANALYSIS
Strain Transducers
Accelerometers
DYNAMIC PILE TESTING AND ANALYSIS
PILE TEST
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• Perform Pile Tip, Penetration and
Length Driven calculations
• Identify when to stop driving and
Accept pile
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
Penetration
the length of pile below the Ground Surface
Length Driven
length of pile between the Cut-off elevation and
the Tip elevation
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
TYPICAL PARTS OF A PIER
Slabs
Sheet Piles
Beams
Piles
Pile Caps
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
PILE CAPS
TEMPLATE
STRATA
PILE TIP
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
CUT-OFF ELEVATION
(BOTTOM OF PILE CAP)
REFERENCE ELEVATION
(TOP OF TEMPLATE)
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
Length Driven
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
Penetration
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
Penetration
Penetration= Ground Elev. - Tip Elevation
Length Driven
Length Driven = Cutoff Elev. - Tip Elev .
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
EXERCISE # 1
BOTTOM OF PILE CAP
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
PENETRATION= 0
GROUND
–- TIP
8.5 (-8.5)
m ELEVATION
ELEV. - TIP ELEVATION
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
EXERCISE # 1
BOTTOM OF PILE CAP
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
LENGTH DRIVEN = 12
20.5
–- TIP
CUTOFF(-8.5)
m ELEV
ELEV.. - TIP ELEV .
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
EXERCISE # 2
BOTTOM OF PILE CAP
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
PENETRATION= 6.0
GROUND
0 –- TIP
(-6)
m ELEVATION
ELEV. - TIP ELEVATION
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
EXERCISE # 2
BOTTOM OF PILE CAP
TOP OF TEMPLATE
SEA LEVEL
(MLLW)
GROUND ELEVATION
(SEA BED)
1
Batter Ratio 5:1
ELEVATIONS & PENETRATION
BATTER PILES COMPUTATIONS
Ground Elev. - Tip Elev
Penetration=
Corr. Factor
Ref. Elev,
1
Batter Ratio 5:1
Pile Acceptance Determination Chart
Is there a minimum Tip
Elevation specified in the plans?
THANK YOU