Bullying in the 21st Century –

Affects, Prevalence,
and Interventions

Presented by: Theresa Malky

In fulfillment of Requirements for the course,
Counseling Children and Adolescents
December 4, 2017
 How has bullying changed?
Electronic Aggression
Verbal, Physical and Social Centers for Disease Control (2015) defines
“Electronic Aggression” as any type of harassment
or bullying that occurs via e-mail, a chat room,
instant messaging, Blog, web-site, or Text messaging.
 Signs your Child may be a
Victim of Bullying
 Comes home with unexplained injuries or with damaged

or missing clothing or other belongings

 Has change in eating habits

 Makes excuses not to go to school

 Has fewer friends

Sign of Children who may be Bullying others
 Feels helpless
 Becomes frequently violent
 Talks about suicide
 Has trouble controlling anger.

 Acts out of character  Is manipulative and controlling of others and situations.

 Avoids certain places or playing outside alone  Is quick to blame others.

 Feels like they are not good enough  Does not accept responsibility for their actions.

 Needs to win or be the best at everything.

 Has trouble sleeping

 Blames themselves for their problems

 Parental Bullying – Abused Children

Children who encounter abusive relationships

in the home (physical, sexual or both) have
been associated with negative behavior and
tend to be overly aggressive both verbally and
physically. Response to anger with aggression
becomes a familiar response mechanism.

Difficulties arise developmentally affecting

linguistic, behavioral, emotional, and social
functioning.

These difficulties result in conduct disorders,

depression, anxiety, impaired relationships
with peers who tend to avoid or reject them.
Underlying motives of aggressive behavior

are defined as: reactive, provoked

aggression versus proactive and Contributing Factors

unprovoked aggression as those that
Social Desirability
correlate with specific aggressive behavior.

Effortful Control

Manipulativeness

Remorselessness

Proactive and Reactive Aggression

Anxious and Depressive Behavior

Suicide Long-Term Adult Outcomes of Peer Victimization
in Childhood and Adolescence: Pathways to
Adjustment and Maladjustment (McDougall,
2015).

Cite the experience of being bullied is painful and

difficult. Its negative impact — on academic
functioning, physical and mental health, social
relationships and self-perceptions — can endure
across the school years.

Negative outcomes that victims experience in

childhood and adolescence and sometimes effect
individuals into adulthood.

Studies indicate several factors that lead to

different outcomes including: biology, timing,
support systems and self-perception.
 Prevention Methods

Multipronged approach includes for

Prevention
 Educational Media Campaigns

 School Based Intervention Programs

 Parental Oversight

 Legislative Action

 Screening and Evidence-based Treatment by

Health Care Providers and Counselors

 Therapeutic Techniques

Children 4-7 Years of Age

Bibliotherapy

Family Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Children 8 – 17 years of Age

Peer Mediators – Mediator Training -

School Environment

Behavioral Therapy

Child Centered Counseling

 References

Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., Salame, W. O., (2015. Cyberbullying: Review of an Old Problem Gone
Viral. Journal of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57. 10-18.

BING Images. (2017). Photographs, Images, and Icons. Retrieved from Bing.Com.

Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. & Hooley, J. M. (2013). Abnormal Psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Copeland, W. E., Woke, D. Angold, A. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in
childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, (4) 419-426.

Cyberbullying.Org. (2011). U.S. White House Conference on Bullying Prevention. Retrieved from
https://cyberbullying.org/white-house-bullying-conference

Henderson, D. A. & Thompson, C. L. (2016). Counseling Children (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2013). Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 711-722

McDougall. P. (2015). Bullying: What We Know Based On 40 Years of Research - APA journal examines science aimed at
understanding causes, prevention. American Psychological Association. Washington DC. Author.

Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2017). Digital self-harm among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61, (6) 761–766.

Sontag, L. M., Clemans, K. H., Graber, J. A., & Lyndon, S. T. (2011). Traditional and cyber aggressors and victims: A
comparison of psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 392-404