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*Multiply the listed values by 0.176 to convert them to Btu/h ·ft2 ·°F.
†Based on air-side surface area.
‡Based on water- or steam-side surface area.
When the tube is finned on one side to enhance heat transfer, the total
heat transfer surface area on the finned side becomes
For short fins of high thermal conductivity, we can use this total area in the
convection resistance relation Rconv =1/hAs since the fins in this case will
be very nearly isothermal.
Assumptions
1. The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since
the tube material is highly conductive and its thickness is
negligible.
2. Both the oil and water flow are fully developed.
3. Properties of the oil and water are constant.
• The properties of water at 45°C are
Nu = 5.45
• and
• Then the overall heat transfer coefficient for this heat exchanger becomes
Discussion
• Note that U ≈ ho in this case, since hi >> ho.
• This confirms our earlier statement that the overall heat transfer coefficient in a
heat exchanger is dominated by the smaller heat transfer coefficient when the
difference between the two values is large.
• To improve the overall heat transfer coefficient and thus the heat transfer in
this heat exchanger, we must use some enhancement techniques on the oil side,
such as a finned surface.
DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS TO
CHARACTERIZE A HEAT EXCHANGER
Nu f(Re, Pr, L/D, μ /μ )
b o
h.D v.D.
C p .
k k
D
•Further Simplification: Nu a.Re b .Pr c Nu
Can be obtained from 2 set of experiments
h
One set, run for constant Pr k
q A(Tw T )
And second set, run for constant Re
•Empirical Correlation
jh St Pr 2 / 3
St h / Gc p
G Vmax
Results for a circular tube-continuous fin HX core
jh St Pr 2 / 3
St h / Gc p
G Vmax
General Considerations
• Computational Features/Limitations of the LMTD Method:
The LMTD method may be applied to design problems for which the fluid
flow rates and inlet temperatures, as well as a desired outlet temperature,
are prescribed.
For a specified HX type, the required size (surface area), as well as the
other outlet temperature, are readily determined.
If the LMTD method is used in performance calculations for which both
outlet temperatures must be determined from knowledge of the inlet
temperatures, the solution procedure is iterative.
For both design and performance calculations, the effectiveness-NTU
method may be used without iteration.
LMTD Method
Q = U As Tlm
The procedure to be followed by the selection process is:
2. Determine any unknown inlet or outlet temperature and the heat transfer rate
using an energy balance.
3. Calculate the log mean temperature difference Tlm and the correction factor F, if
necessary.
4. Obtain (select or calculate) the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient U.
∆T1
∆T2
∆A
A
T10
T1 T4 T2
T5
T3 T6
T8 T9
T7
P ara llel Fl ow
Calculating U using Log Mean Temperature
Hot Stream : dqh m
h .C ph .dTh d (T ) dTh dTc dq h dqc
d (T )
d (T ) d (Th Tc ) m .C h m .C c
Cold Stream: dqc m
c .C pc .dTc h p c p
T Th Tc
dq dqhot dqcold 1
d (T ) U .T .dA.
1
m .C h m .C c
dq U .T .dA h p c p
T2 d ( T ) 1 1 A2
.
T1 T
U .
m .C h
m .C c A1
dA
h p c p
T2
ln
U . A.
Th Tc U . A Thin Thout Tcin Tcout
T1 q q
qm
h.C ph.Th T T
q U .A 2 1
T
ln 2
Log Mean Temperature
T
Difference 1
Calculating U using Log Mean Temperature
T2
ln
U . A.
Th Tc
U .A
Th
in
Th
out
Tc
in
Tc
out
T1 q q
T2
ln
U .A
Thin Tcin Thout Tcout
T1 q
T2
ln
U .A
T1 T2 U . A T2 T1
T1 q q
T T
q U .A 2 1 Log Mean
T Temperature
ln 2 Difference
T
1
Log Mean Temperature Evaluation
CONCURRENT FLOW
T1 Thin Tcin T3 T7
1 2
T2 Thout Tcout T6 T10
∆ T1
∆ T2 T2 T1
TLn
T2
ln
∆A T1
A
h .C ph .T3 T6
m c .C pc .T7 T10
m
U
T 10
T1 T2
T4 T5
T3 T6
A.TLn A.TLn
T8 T9
T7
P ara ll el Fl ow
Log Mean Temperature Evaluation
A
T 10
T2
T1 T4 T5
T3 T6
T7 T8 T9
Co un t er - C u r re n t F low
q hh Ai Tlm 1 2
T3 T4 T6
(T T1 ) (T6 T2 ) T6
Tlm 3 T1
(T T1 ) Wall
ln 3
(T6 T2 ) T2
T7 T8
T9
T10
A
q hc Ao Tlm
(T1 T7 ) (T2 T10 )
Tlm
(T1 T7 )
ln
(T2 T10 )
The Effectiveness
– NTU Method
The Effectiveness – NTU Method
0 1
Ch if Ch Cc
Cmin or
Cc if Cc Ch
KNOWN: Counterflow heat exchanger formed by two brazed tubes with prescribed hot and
cold fluid inlet temperatures and flow rates.
SCHEMATIC:
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water ( Th = 335 K): ch = cp,h = 4186 J/kgK, = 453 10-6
Ns/m2, k = 0.656 W/mK, Pr = 2.88; Table A-4, Air (300 K): cc = cp,c = 1007 J/kgK, =
184.6 10-7 Ns/m2, k = 0.0263 W/mK, Pr = 0.707; Table A-1, Nickel ( T = (23 + 85)C/2 =
327 K): k = 88 W/mK.
1 1 1 1
(5)
UA o hA h Kt L o hA c
Since circumferential conduction may be significant in the tube walls, o needs to be evaluated for each of the tubes.
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
The flow is turbulent, and since fully developed, the Dittus-Boelter correlation may be used,
Nu h h h D / k 0.023Re0.8
D Pr
0.3 0.023 11, 243
0.8
2.880.3 54.99
h h 54.99 0.656 W / m K / 0.01m 3, 607 W / m2 K.
4mc 4 0.120 kg / s
Air-side: ReD 275,890.
D 0.030m 184.6 107 N s / m 2
The flow is turbulent and, since fully developed,
Nu c h c D / K 0.023Re0.8
D Pr
0.4 0.023 275,890
0.8
0.707 0.4 450.9
h c 450.9 0.0263 W / m K / 0.030m 395.3 W / m 2 K.
m h h P / kA
1/ 2
o,h f ,h tanh mLh / mLh h h / kt
1/ 2
1/ 2
m 3607 W / m2 K / 88 W / m K 0.002m 143.2 m1
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
With Lh = 0.5 Dh, o,h = tanh(143.2 m-1 0.5 0.010m)/143.2 m-1 0.5 0.010 m =
0.435.
1/ 2
o,c f ,c tanh mLc / mLc m 395.3 W / m2 K / 88 W / m K 0.002m 47.39 m1
With Lc = 0.5Dc, o,c = tanh(47.39 m-1 0.5 0.030m)/47.39 m-1 0.5 0.030m =
0.438.
Hence, from Eq. (5) the UA product is
1 1 1 1
UA 2
0.435 3607 W / m K 1.257 m
2 100 W / m K 40m 2
0.438 395.3 W / m K 3.770 m
2
1
UA 5.070 104 2.50 104 1.533 103 W / K 437 W / K.
With
Ch mh ch 0.040 kg / s 4186 J / kg K 167.4 W / K Cmax
Cc mccc 0.120 kg / s 1007 J / kg K 120.8 W / K Cmin
Cr Cmin / Cmax 0.722
UA 437 W / K
NTU 3.62
Cmin 120.8 W / K
Problem: Twin-Tube Heat Exchanger (cont.)
0.862
Cc Tc,o 23C Tc,o 76.4C <
Cc 85 23 C
COMMENTS: (1) Using the overall energy balance, the water outlet temperature is
Th,o Th,i Cc / Ch Tc,o Tc,i 85C 0.722 76.4 23 C 46.4C.
(2) To initially evaluate the properties, we assumed that Th 335 K and Tc 300 K. From
the calculated values of Th,o and Tc,o, more appropriate estimates of Th and Tc are 338 K and
322 K, respectively. We conclude that proper thermophysical properties were used for water
but that the estimates could be improved for air.
Problem: Heat Transfer Enhancement
Problem 11.65: Use of fluted spheres and solid spheres to enhance the performance
of a concentric tube, water/glycol heat exchanger.
KNOWN: Flow rates and inlet temperatures of water and glycol in counterflow heat
exchanger. Desired glycol outlet temperature. Heat exchanger diameter and overall heat
transfer coefficient without and with spherical inserts.
FIND: (a) Required length without spheres, (b) Required length with spheres, (c)
Explanation for reduction in fouling and pump power associated with using spheres.
SCHEMATIC:
Th,i = 100oC
Th,o = 40oC
.
mh = 0.5 kg/s
L
Tc,i = 15oC
.
mc = 0.5 kg/s Di = 0.075 m
Problem: Heat Transfer Enhancement (cont.)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible kinetic energy, potential energy and flow work changes,
(2) Negligible heat loss to surroundings, (3) Constant properties, (4) Negligible tube wall
thickness.
PROPERTIES: Table A-5, Ethylene glycol Th 70C : cp,h = 2606 J/kgK; Table A-6,
Water Tc 35C : cp,c = 4178 J/kgK.
ANALYSIS: (a) With Ch = Cmin = 1303 W/K and Cc = Cmax = 2089 W/K, Cr = 0.624. With
actual and maximum possible heat rates of
q Ch Th,i Th,o 1303 W / K 100 40 C 78,180 W
qmax Cmin Th,i Tc,i 1303 W / K 100 15 C 110, 755 W
(b) Since mc, m h, Th,i, Th,o and Tc,i are unchanged, Cr, and NTU are unchanged. Hence,
with U = 2000 W/m2K,
L 4.73m <
Problem: Heat Transfer Enhancement (cont.)
(c) Because the spheres induce mixing of the flows, the potential for contaminant build-up on
the surfaces, and hence fouling, is reduced. Although the obstruction to flow imposed by the
spheres acts to increase the pressure drop, the reduction in the heat exchanger length reduces
the pressure drop. The second effect may exceed that of the first, thereby reducing pump
power requirements.
COMMENTS: The water outlet temperature is Tc,o = T c,i + q/Cc = 15C + 78,180 W/2089
W/K = 52.4C. The mean temperature Tc 33.7C is close to that used to evaluate the
specific heat of water.