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The normal required characters are
• Strength- to maintain the shape and resist
erosion
• Permeability- to allow hot air and gasses
to pass through voids in sand
• Thermal stability – to resist cracking on
contact with molten metal
• Collapsibility- ability to give way and
allow casting to shrink without cracking the
casting

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Core Sands Preparation:
• Sand- Silica sand is mostly used.
• Coarse silica sand is used for higher
refractoriness particularly for steel industries.
• Finer sand are used for cast irons and
nonferrous alloys.
• Sodium silicate is mixed with
CO2 gas and form silica gell. So
It became very hard.

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• Condition of core- Green sand core, Dry sand core
• Nature of core material- Oil Bonded, Resin Bonded, Shell And
Sodium Silicate Cores
• Core hardened process- CO2 process, Hot Box Process, Cold
Set Process
• Shape and position – Horizontal,Vertical,Cover Core, Balanced
Core, Drop Core, Kiss Core

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• These are obtained by the pattern itself during moulding.
• Though this is the most economical way of preparing a core, the
green sand being low in strength cannot be used for fairly
deep holes.
• Also a large amount of draft is to be provided so that the
pattern can be withdrawn

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• It is made by special core sands in a separate core box,
backed and then placed in the mould before pouring.

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• Oil bonded core: silica + linseed oil.
• Resin bonded cores: phenol resin bonded sand is rammed in a
core box. Backing temp is 450˚F

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• Hot box core: It uses heated core boxes for the production of
core. Cast iron, steel or aluminium core box are used. Core box
are heated to 500˚F.
• Cold set process: while mixing the core-sand an accelerator is
added to the binder. It is easily rammed. A little heating make it
harderns it. It is employed for large cores.
• CO2 process

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• Horizontal core: It is positioned horizontally in the mould.
Depends upon the cavity the shape is prepared. It is supported
at both ends.

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• Vertical core: Its axis is vertical. The two ends are supported in
core seats in cope and drag.

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• Cover core: It is supported from above and it hangs vertically
in mold cavity.
• This type is mostly used if the cored casting is to be completely
moulded in the drag with the help of a single piece solid
pattern.

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• Balanced core: It is supported and balanced from its one end
only. Some times chaplets used.

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• Drop core or Stop off core: (tail core chair
core or saddle core)
• It is employed to make a cavity which cannot be made with
make a cavity above or below
other types cores. To
the parting line it is used.

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• Kiss core: A kiss core does not require core seats for getting
supported.
• A kiss core is held in position between drag and cope due to
the pressure exerted by cope on the drag.
• A number of kiss cores can be simultaneously positioned in
order to obtain a number of holes in a casting.

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• Kiss core:

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 Core making methods
Core Boxes
These are used for making cores. A core box is a wooden or metallic type of
pattern and are made either single or in two parts. They may be classified
according to the method of making the core or shape of core. The common
types of core boxes are described below:

Half Core Box Dump core box Split core box

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• Jolt machine
• Sand slinger
• Core extrusion machine

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• To support the core A projection made in the pattern is called
core print.
• It is used to form a core seat in the mould.

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