Control Valve Definition
• IEC Definition: A power
operated device which changes the
fluid flow rate in a process control
system. It consists of a valve
connected to an actuator that is
capable of changing the position of
the closure member in the valve in
response to a signal from the
system
• ISA Definition: A power
operated device which modifies
the fluid rate in a process control
system. It consists of a valve
connected to an actuator
mechanism that is capable of
changing the position of a flow
controlling element in the valve in
response to a signal from the
controlling system.
Classification of control valves
 On basis of action
 Air to open.
 Air to close.
 On basis Number of plugs
 Single seated valve.
 Double seated valve.
 On basis Flow characteristics
 Quick opening.
 Linear.
 Equal percentage.
 Control Valves Types & Application
 There are two basic types of control valves
◦ Rotary motion valves having ball, butterfly or plug
type closures.
◦ Linear motion valves having globe , diaphragm or pinch
type closures.

 Applications
◦ Flow rate control
◦ Level control
◦ Pressure control
Control Valve

◦ Temperature control
 Control Valve Types

Control
Valve

Linear Rotary
Motion Motion

Globe Diaphragm Pinch Ball Butterfly Plug

Globe Angle 3 way

Control Valve

Single Double
Seated Seated
 Linear Motion
 Types Of Closure
1.Globe
1.1. Single Seated
1.2. Double Seated
1.3 Three way
2. Diaphragm
3. Pinch

 Linear Valve Features

Control Valve

i. TORTUOUS FLOW PATH

ii. LOW RECOVERY
iii. CAN THROTTLE SMALL FLOW RATES
iv. OFFERS VARIETY OF SPECIAL TRIM DESIGNS
v. SUITED TO HIGH-PRESSURE APPLICATIONS
vi. USUALLY FLANGED OR THREADED
vii. SEPARABLE BONNET
 Single Seated Globe Valve

 Features
o Large amount of force
required to drive the stem
o Tight shut off
o Used in small diameter
applications
 Applications
Control Valve

o Used for controlling large

range of process
parameters hence used in
oil and gas production,
power generation
 Double Seated Globe Valve

 Features
o Stem can be driven with small
amount of force
o Can not achieve perfect
closure resulting in leakage
o Used in larger diameter
applications
o Body parts wear out due to
erosion and cavitations which
Control Valve

results in annoying noises

 Applications
o Used for high flow and high
pressure services
 Three Way Valves

 Features
o High flow capacity
o Valve used for mixing and
diverting liquids.
o High rangeability
o Leakage capability
consistent with normal
Control Valve

single seated globe valve

 Applications
o Used in textile industries
 Diaphragm Valves
• Features
o Consists of a saddle or
seat upon which the
diaphragm closes the
valves.
o Can handle corrosive
fluids.
 Applications
o Used as shut off valves
Control Valve

in food and beverage ,

pharmaceutical and
biotech industries
 Pinch Valve
• Features
o Tight shut off
o The flexible sleeve
allows the valve to close
drop tight around solids ,
solids that would typically
be trapped by the seat or
stuck in crevices in globe,
diaphragm, butterfly, gate
Control Valve

or ball valves.
• Applications
•Best used in controlling
corrosive fluids, steam
and thermic fluids.
 Rotary Motion

 Types Of Closure
1. Ball
2. Butterfly
3. Plug

 Rotary Valve Features

i. STREAMLINED FLOW PATH
ii. HIGH RECOVERY
Control Valve

iii. MORE CAPACITY

iv. LESS PACKING WEAR
v. CAN HANDLE SLURRY AND ABRASIVES
vi. FLANGELESS
vii. INTEGRAL BONNET
viii. HIGH RANGEABILITY
 Ball Valve

 Features
o Tight Shut Off
o Minimum obstruction for the flowing
media.
o High flow capacity
o Can withstand high pressure and
temperatures
Control Valve

 Applications
o Used for hazardous and corrosive
fluids
 Butterfly Valve
 Features
o High flow capacity
o Unlike ball valve the
disc is present in the
flow of the liquid and
hence a pressure drop
is always induced in
the flow.
o Tight shut off
Control Valve

 Applications
o Used in Steel , Sugar
and textile industries
Classification of control valve on the basis of actuator
action
Classification of control valve on the basis of valve action
Failure mode

Actuator Valve body Control Failure mode Valve Color

action action valve
action

Direct Direct Air to close FAIL OPEN Green

Direct Reverse Air to open FAIL CLOSE Red

Reverse Direct Air to open FAIL CLOSE Red

Reverse Reverse Air to close FAIL OPEN Green

Characteristic of control valve
Characterized valve plugs
Characterized cages for glove style valve bodies
Actuators
In control valve we have seen that , the operation of a control
valve involves positioning its movable part (the plug, ball or
vane) relative to the stationary seat of the valve. The purpose
of the valve actuator is to accurately locate the valve plug in
a position dictated by the control signal.

The actuator accepts a signal from the control system and, in

response, moves the valve to a fully-open or fully-closed
position, or a more open or a more closed position

The major types of actuators are :

1. Pneumatic type
2. Electric type
Pneumatic Actuators
They are basically of two types
1. Piston actuator
2. Diaphragm actuator

These actuators are designed so that with a

specific change of air pressure, the spindle
will move sufficiently to move the valve
through its complete stroke from fully-
closed to fully-open.
Piston Actuator
 They can withstand
higher input
pressures.
 Can offer small
cylinder volumes.
 They are generally
used where the
stroke of a diaphragm
actuator would be
too short or the
thrust is too small.
Diaphragm Actuators
• They have compressed
air applied to a flexible
membrane called the
diaphragm

• They are single acting i.e.

air is supplied from single
side of the diaphragm
Diaphragm Actuators
Electric Actuators

 Electric actuators use an electric motor

with voltage requirements in the following
range: 230 Vac, 110 Vac, 24 Vac and 24 Vdc.

 There are two types of electrical actuator

1. VMD (Valve Motor Drive)
2. Modulating.
VMD ( Valve Motor Drive )
 This basic version of the
electric actuator has three
states:
I. Driving the valve open.
II. Driving the valve closed.
III. No movement

• The controller positions

the valve by driving the
valve open or closed for
a certain time, to ensure
that it reaches the
desired position. Valve
position feedback may be
used with some
controllers.
Modulating
 In order to position the control valve in
response to the system requirements a
modulating actuator can be used. These
units may have higher rated motors
(typically 1 200 starts/hour) and may have
built-in electronics.

 A positioning circuit may be included in

the modulating actuator which accepts an
analogue control signal (typically 0-10 V or
4-20 mA). The actuator then interprets
this control signal, as the valve position
between the limit switches.

 To achieve this, the actuator has a position

sensor (usually a potentiometer), which
feeds the actual valve position back to the
positioning circuit. In this way the actuator
can be positioned along its stroke in
proportion to the control signal.
Applications
Control valve in FLOW CONTROL

controller

Inst Air

dP Flow measurement
Control valve in LEVEL CONTROL

controller

Inst Air
Control valve in PRESSURE CONTROL

controller

Inst Air

Pressurized
vessel
 Control valve in Temperature Control

controller

Inst Air

Super heated Steam in Hot water out

Cold water in
Steam out
 The KV value represents the flow rate through a fully
open valve at a temperature between 5DegreeC and
40DegreeC, and measured in cubic metres per hour
that will induce a pressure loss of 1 bar (100kPa).
 Hence the kv value is effectively a measure of the valve’s
resistance. Where a valve is close coupled to a flow
measurement device, the kv value represents the
resistance across the fully open valve and flow
measurement device combined.
 SELECTION CRITERIA
 Valves should be sized to match the size of the adjoining
pipe whenever possible.
 Prior to sizing the flow measurement device, the type of
instrument to be used for measuring the pressure
differential must be considered and the upper working
limit specified accordingly.
 SELECTION PROCEDURE
 Produce a system schematic diagram illustrating how the
pipes interconnect to provide fluid flow to each terminal
unit.
 From heating and cooling load calculations, determine the
design flow rates for all parts of the system.
 Identify suitable locations for regulating valves.
 select the valve whose minimum flow rate is closest to, but
less than, the design flow rate.
 Having selected the valves, calculate the pressure losses
across those valves in the circuit.
 For those valves that are at the beginning of branches or
which are close to the pump, check that the design pressure
losses across them will not exceed their maximum balancing
pressure.
 Having selected all of the valves, the selection
information should be recorded in the form of a table
cross-referenced to the relevant specification clauses
and drawings.
 The information should include:
◦ Manufacturer’s model and reference numbers;
◦ Valve sizes and kv or kvs values;
◦ Intended locations;
◦ Design flow rates;
◦ Anticipated pressure loss signals at design
flow rates.
Control Valve

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