INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE

INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE

 Trepanatii in Egiptul antic si America

precolumbiana
 Galen – inteligenta se muta din inima in creier
 Golgi si Cajal – doctrina neuronilor & Premiul
Nobel
 Broca si Wernicke – zonele limbajului din
creier
 Brodmann si harta creierului
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Scopul neurostiintelor

“The task of neural science is to explain behavior in terms of

the activities of the brain. How does the brain marshal its
millions of individual nerve cells to produce behavior, and
how are these cells influenced by the environment...? The
last frontier of the biological sciences – their ultimate
challenge – is to understand the biological basis of
consciousness and the mental processes by which we
perceive, act, learn, and remember” — Eric Kandel
(Laureat Nobel 2000 pentru descoperirea mecanismelor
invatarii)
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Decade of the Brain 1990-1999

By the President of the United States of America
A PROCLAMATION

To enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research, the
Congress, by House joint Resolution 174, has designated the decade beginning January 1,
1990, as the "Decade of the Brain" and has authorized and requested the President to issue
a proclamation in observance of this occasion.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE BUSH, President of the United States of America, do

hereby proclaim the decade beginning January 1, 1990, as the Decade of the Brain. I call
upon all public officials and the people of the United States to observe that decade with
appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventeenth day of July in the
year of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety, and of the Independence of the United States
of America the two hundred and fifteenth.
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Diviziiile neurostiintelor:

 neurostiintele moleculare si
celulare
 neurostiintele sistemelor
 neurostiintele cognitive
 neurostiintele comportamentului
 neurostiintele afective
 neurostiintele sociale
 neurostiintele dezvoltarii
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Instrumentele neurostiintelor

 Investigatia electrofiziologica – EEG, ERP, MEG

 Investigatia imagistica structurala – CT, RMN
 Investigatia imagistica functionala – PET, SPECT, RMNf
 Investigatia celulara
 investigatia moleculara si genetica
 Investigatia psihofarmacologica: neurotransmitatori si
efect medicatie
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Electroencefalografie (EEG)

Masoara undele creierului :

• Alfa - relaxare
• Beta – asteptare incordata, stres
• Gamma – perceptie, reamintire, constiinta
• Delta – meditatie, somn cu vise
• Theta – somn fara vise, invatare
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Potentiale evocate relationate

cu un stimul (ERPs)

• CNV = componenta de pregatire

inaintea unei sarcini cognitive
• N100 = orientarea atentie (100-200
ms de la paritia stimulului)
• N200 = detectarea trasaturilor
deviante, a erorilor, a feedbackului
(200 – 240 ms)
• P300 = incheierea procesarii unui
stimul, reamintire, up-date memorie
(250 ms de la aparitie)
• N400 = incongruente semantice (400
ms de la aparitia stimulului)
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Electroencefalografie (EEG)
EEG uses electrodes applied to the
scalp and measures changes in the
electrical field in the brain region
underneath. EEG has very high
temporal resolution (milliseconds) and
can therefore detect brief neuronal
events. Because the skull disperses the
electrical field, EEG has low spatial
resolution (~1 cm) that depends on how
many electrodes are used. The number
of electrodes can be as few as two or
range up to hundreds in high-density
arrays. The greater the number of
electrodes, the better the spatial
resolution. Apart from the low spatial
resolution, EEG has poor sensitivity for
deep brain structures. Equipment costs
can be low (<$10,000) but increase with
high-density arrays and the concomitant
resources needed to process the data.
(Ariely and Berns, 2010).
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Tomografie cu emisie de
pozitroni (PET)

• masoara undele gamma

emise de substante izotopi ai
oxigenului injectate in sange
• detecteaza activitatea in
formatiuni cerebrale
• detecteaza concentratia unor
neurotransmitatori
• dezavantaje – rezolutii
spatiala si temporala mici
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Rezonanta magnetica nucleara (MRI

& fMRI)
The technique uses an MRI scanner to
measure the blood oxygenation level-
dependent (BOLD) signal. The BOLD
changes are generally correlated with the
underlying synaptic activity. Spatial
resolution is 1–10 mm, and temporal
resolution is 1–10 s. In general, the
higher the spatial resolution, the lower
the temporal resolution. fMRI has a
substantial advantage in resolving small
structures and those that are deep in the
brain State of the art MRI scanners cost
approximately US$1 million per
Tesla and have annual operating costs of
$100,000–$300,000. (Ariely & Berns,
2010).
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Proba de memorie de lucru n-back

Control

Depresiv 1

Depresiv
2
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Spectroscopie RMN
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Film
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Hagmann si colab., 2008

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Avantajele rezultate din neurostiinte:

 Descoperirile au condus la o evaluare a impactului diverselor tipuri de

psihoterapii si medicatii - s-au dezvoltat noi tipuri de terapii
 S-au dezvoltat tehnici noi de invatare si re-invatare
 S-au dezvoltat noi tipuri de instrumente de evaluare
 S-au dezvoltat proteze
 S-au dezvoltat modele mult mai exacte de intelegere si predictie a
comportamentului si performantei
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Aplicatiile in business: neuroeconomics, neuromarketing, HR, etc.

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Film
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Impactul
mesajului de
avertizare
Mesajul verbal
prezentat singur nu este
procesat si nu
declanseaza emotii
 Combinatia imagine +
mesaj verbal conduce la
procesarea mesajului si
la declansarea de emotii
Doar imaginile explicite
au efect

Fiecare brand – prin logo-ul
prezentat – a fost
recunoscut ca semnificativ
de către subiecți evaluând
activarea în așa-numita
”regiune a brand-ului” din
creier, și anume cortexul
ventromedian prefrontal
INTRODUCERE IN NEUROSTIINTE
Modul în care fiecare logo Identificarea modului in
sau ambalaj a captat care un logo sau ambalaj a
atenția a fost evaluat prin declanșat emoție în
activările în zonele creierul subiecților a fost
specifice – cortex occipital, evaluat prin activările în:
median prefrontal cortexul ventromedian
anterior, precuneus și prefrontal, cortex cingulat
nucleul caudat anterior, cortex
retrosplenial, nucleul
accumbens, putamen,
amigdală și aria ventrală
tegmentală