DATA

COMMUNICATION

Lecture-12
 Recap of Lecture 11

 Signals
 Analog and Digital
 Analog and Digital Data & Signals
 Periodic & Aperiodic Signals
 Sine Waves and its Characteristics
 Overview of Lecture 12

 Sine Waves and its Characteristics

 Control of Signals
 Time and Frequency Domain
 Composite Signals
Period and Frequency

1 1
T or f 
f T
 Example 4.3
 A Sine wave has a frequency of 6
Hz. What is its period?

 Solution
1 1
T   0.17 sec
f 6
 Example 4.5
 A Sine wave completes one cycle in
4 seconds. What is its frequency?

 Solution:
1 1
f    0.25 Hz
T 4
 Another Way to Look at
Frequency
 Measurement of the rate of change

 How fast the wave moves from its

lowest to its highest point

 Changes in Short Time: High

Frequency
 Two Frequency Extremes
 No change at all 
– Zero frequency

 Instantaneous changes 
– Infinite frequency
 Phase
 Phase describes the position of the
waveform relative to time zero

 Phase describes the amount of

backward or forward shift of the
waveform

 Measured in Degrees or Radians

Phase
 Example 4.7
1
A sine wave is offset 6 of a cycle
with respect to time zero. What is
its phase?

One Cycle = 360 Degrees

1 of a cycle = 360 = 60 Degrees
6 6
 Control of Signals

 Signal can be controlled by three

attributes:

– Amplitude
– Frequency
– Phase
Control of Signals- Amplitude
Control of Signals- Frequency
Control of Signals- Phase
Time and Frequency Domain
Time and Frequency Domain
Example
Composite Signals
 Summary
 Sine Waves and its Characteristics
 Control of Signals
 Time and Frequency Domain
 Composite Signals
 Suggested Reading

 Section 4.4, 4.5 “Data Communications

and Networking” 2nd Edition by Behrouz
A. Forouzan